Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma surfactants. Potengera kuchuluka kwa kupanga: ma surfactants a anionic ndi 56 %, osati‑ma ionic surfactants 36 %, amphoteric surfactants 5 %, ndi ma surfactants a cationic 3 %.
2. Ma Surfactants a Anionic
2.1 Sulfonate‑mtundu wa Anionic Surfactants
Ma surfactants wamba amtunduwu ndi sodium linear‑alkylbenzene sulfonate ndi sodiumα‑olefin sulfonate.
Sodium yolunjika‑alkylbenzene sulfonate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti LAS kapena ABS, ndi yoyera kapena yotumbululuka‑Yolimba ngati ufa wachikasu kapena yopyapyala yosungunuka m'madzi. Imasungunuka bwino m'madzi kutentha kochepa, ndi madzi osungunuka pansi pa 3 kutentha kozungulira; komabe, imasungunuka bwino m'makina ophatikizika a surfactant. Ndi yokhazikika motsutsana ndi alkalis, ma acid osungunuka ndi madzi olimba, ndi kutentha kowonongeka kwa 240℃Ndi 10 % yankho lili ndi index yoyabwa ya 5.0, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi 80 %‑90 %, ndi LD₅₀ya 1300‑2500 mg/kg.
Sodiumα‑olefin sulfonate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti AOS, imawoneka ngati madzi achikasu owonekera bwino pakagwiritsidwa ntchito‑kuchuluka kwa zinthu 38 %‑40 %, ndipo imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi. Imasunga kukhazikika bwino pa pH yochuluka; patatha masiku atatu pa 30℃, mlingo wa hydrolysis ndi 0 pa pH 2, pH 4 ndi pH 10. Imakhala ndi kuyabwa pang'ono pakhungu, 100 % kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi LD₅₀ya 1300‑2400 mg/kg.
LAS nthawi zambiri siigwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampu ndipo nthawi zambiri imayikidwa mu ma shawa gels. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi ndi mbale zotsukira zovala.‑zakumwa zotsukira. Mu mbale‑Pakutsuka madzi, LAS imatha kupanga pafupifupi theka la zonse zomwe zili mu surfactant; mu sopo wamadzimadzi wotsukira zovala, kuchuluka kwake kumatha kusinthidwa mosiyanasiyana.
LAS imawonetsa kusungunuka kwabwino kwa madzi makamaka kutentha kwambiri (monga 60℃) kapena ikaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu zina zosungunulira. Dongosolo lodziwika bwino la ternary compound la mbale‑madzi ochapira ndi“LAS‑AES‑FFA"Pa zotsukira zovala zamadzimadzi, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mankhwala ophatikizika ndi monga“LAS‑sopo‑η·SAA"Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kusakaniza mwachindunji kwa LAS ndi‑ionic surfactant alkanolamide mwina singapereke zotsatira zabwino;“LAS‑FFA"Dongosolo lake ndi losakhazikika, lili ndi kukhuthala kochepa ndipo limapanga mawonekedwe oyera ngati mkaka.
LAS ndiye yapamwamba kwambiri‑voliyumu (290) kt/a) ndi surfactant yopangidwa yotsika mtengo kwambiri. Pakati pa zinthu zapamwamba‑Ma surfactants asanu opangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, LAS ili ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri, wofanana ndi maziko a sopo (mafuta).‑sopo wa asidi) pakati pa ma surfactants achikhalidwe a anionic. Ubwino wake waukulu ndi kukhazikika bwino, kuyeretsa kwamphamvu komanso mtengo wotsika; vuto lake lalikulu ndi kuyabwa kwambiri.
Pakati pa sulfonate‑Ma surfactants a kalasi, AOS imapereka ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Imasunga kapena kukulitsa ubwino wa ma sulfonates wamba pomwe imapewa zovuta zake. AOS ndi imodzi mwa ma surfactants akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu shampu ndi ma shawa gels. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mu sopo zina zamadzimadzi kudzakula pang'onopang'ono pamene kupanga kwapakhomo kukuyamba kukhazikika ndikuchepetsa mtengo wake. Mphamvu zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kukhazikika bwino, kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi, kuyanjana bwino, kukwiya kochepa komanso kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kufooka kwake kwakukulu ndi mtengo wake wokwera pakati pa ma surfactants a anionic.
2.2 Sulfate‑mtundu wa Anionic Surfactants
Mankhwala odziwika bwino a surfactants m'gululi ndi sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate ndi sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Sodium fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate, yomwe imatchedwanso AES kapena alcohol ether sulfate, imasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Pa 70 % yogwira ntchito‑zinthu zomwe zili mu mankhwalawa, ndi zotuwa‑wachikasu wokhuthala (wokhala theka‑madzi owonekera bwino. Kukhazikika kwake ndi kochepa poyerekeza ndi kwa common sulfonates. Amasungunuka mofulumira pansi pa pH 4 komabe imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwabwino kwa hydrolytic pansi pa mikhalidwe ya alkaline. Pambuyo pa zitatu‑kusungirako kwa tsiku pa 30℃, kuchuluka kwake kwa hydrolysis kumafika pa 100 %, 50 % ndi 0 pa pH 2, pH 4 ndi pH 10 motsatana. Zimayambitsa kukwiya pang'ono, ndi index ya kukwiya ya 2.3 pa 10 yake yankho la %, limakwaniritsa zoposa 90 % kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe, ndipo ali ndi LD₅₀ya 1800 mg/kg.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti AS, K12, coconut alcohol sulfate kapena sodium lauryl sulfate (chopangira thovu), imasungunuka m'madzi ndi kusungunuka kwa pafupifupi 15 pa 25℃, yotsika kuposa ya AES. Siikhudzidwa ndi alkalis ndi madzi olimba, koma siikhazikika kwambiri mukakhala ndi asidi kuposa sulfonates wamba (yofanana ndi AES).‑Kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali sikuyenera kupitirira madigiri 95℃Imasonyeza kukwiya pang'ono pakati pa ma surfactants; index ya kukwiya ya 10 yake % yankho ndi 3.3, yokwera kuposa AES ndipo yotsika kuposa LAS, yokhala ndi LD₅₀ya 1300 mg/kg.
AES ingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu shampu, ma shawa gels, ndi mbale‑madzi ochapira ndi sopo wochapira. Ngati zofunikira za pH ya chinthucho zilola, pH iyenera kukwezedwa momwe zingathere kukhala yopanda mbali kapena yofooka.‑kuchuluka kwa alkaline. Ngati AES iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa pH yotsika (monga momwe zimakhalira mu shampu), mchere wake wa ethanolamine nthawi zambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito. AES ili ndi madzi abwino.‑kusungunuka kuposa AS ndipo kumatha kupangidwa kukhala mayankho owonekera bwino amadzi muyeso uliwonse kutentha kwa chipinda. Poyerekeza ndi LAS, AES imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wamadzimadzi komanso imagwirizana bwino; imatha kupanga mayankho owonekera bwino amadzi kudzera mu binary kapena multi‑Kusakaniza zinthu ndi ma surfactants ambiri. Pamalo achitatu pakupanga pakati pa ma surfactants opangidwa, AES imadula mtengo wotsika kuposa AS; mu 2002, mtengo wake unali 70 % AES inali pa 8500 Yuan pa tani. AES ndi yamtengo wapatali chifukwa cha kuyabwa pang'ono, kusungunuka bwino kwa madzi, kugwirizana bwino komanso kugwira ntchito bwino popewa khungu louma komanso losalimba. Vuto lake ndi kusakhazikika pang'ono m'malo okhala ndi asidi.—pH iyenera kusungidwa bwino kuposa 4—ndipo detergent yake ndi yofooka kuposa LAS ndi AS.
AS ikaphatikizidwa mu sopo wamadzimadzi, pH iyenera kuyendetsedwa kuti ipewe asidi wambiri. Pa shampu ndi shawa.‑Ma gel formulations, ethanolamine kapena ammonium salts amafunika. Mchere wa ethanolamine sikuti umangowonjezera asidi‑kukhazikika kwa kukana komanso kumathandiza kuchepetsa kukwiya; % ya mchere wa triethanolamine imapereka index yoyabwa ya 3.0. AS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'mbale‑Sizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala ochapira ndipo nthawi zambiri sizigwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochapira (mankhwala ochepa), makamaka chifukwa zimawonjezera ndalama zopangira ndipo zinthu zotere sizifuna mphamvu zambiri zotulutsa thovu. AS ili pa nambala 5 pakupanga mankhwala opangidwa ndipo ili ndi mtengo wokwera; ufa wake umagulitsidwa pa 15000. Yuan pa tani mu 2002. Kupatula mphamvu yotulutsa thovu komanso mphamvu yoteteza, AS sigwira ntchito bwino pa AES m'mbali zambiri zogwirira ntchito: kukhazikika kwa asidi kumakhala kochepa pang'ono, kuyabwa kwake kumakhala kwakukulu (kochepa poyerekeza ndi LAS), ndipo imakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa ma surfactants wamba a anionic.
Mitundu yayikulu ya non‑Ma ionic surfactants ndi monga alkanolamide (FFA), fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AE), ndi alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether (APE kapena OP).‑Ma ionic surfactants ali ndi kusungunuka kwabwino kwambiri, detergent, antistatic performance, kuchepa kwa kuyabwa, komanso laimu wabwino‑mphamvu yofalitsira sopo. pH yawo yothandiza ndi yayikulu kuposa ya ma ionic surfactants wamba. Kupatula mphamvu ya detergent ndi thovu, makhalidwe awo ena nthawi zambiri amakhala apamwamba kuposa ma anionic surfactants wamba. Mayesero akusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa ma non‑ionic surfactant ku dongosolo la ionic surfactant imatha kusintha ntchito ya pamwamba pa dongosololi, poyerekeza ndi ntchito yomweyo.‑zinthu zomwe zili mu mankhwalawa.
Ma Alkanolamides ndi gulu la zinthu zomwe sizili‑Ma ionic surfactants omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso nthawi zambiri, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo zosiyanasiyana zamadzimadzi.‑Magulu a alkanolamides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo wamadzimadzi ndi“2:1 amide"ndi“1.5:1 amide"; “1:1 amide"ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito. Mitundu itatu iyi imasiyana m'madzi‑kusungunuka ndi kukhuthala kwa ntchito. Kawirikawiri,“1.5:1 amide"ali ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu sopo wotsukira mbale. Nthawi zambiri,“1:1 amide"Amasungunuka mosavuta pokhapokha akaphatikizidwa ndi madzi ena‑Ma surfactants osungunuka. Ma alkanolamides ndi oyenera kwambiri pa sopo wa alkaline ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito mu sopo wofewa wochepa asidi. Alkanolamide ndiye wotsika kwambiri‑mitengo yosiyanasiyana pakati pa omwe si‑Ma ionic surfactants, omwe mtengo wake unali 7,800 RMB pa tani mu 2002. Ma alkanolamides amagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kuposa ma polyoxyethylene ethers a fatty alcohol mu sopo wamadzimadzi. Ma alkanolamides ndi osathandiza.‑Ma ionic surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu shampu. Zifukwa zomwe zingakhalepo ndi izi: FFA imapereka ntchito zambiri kapena zapamwamba kuposa AE; Zogulitsa za FFA ndizotsika mtengo kuposa AE; FFA imasungunuka bwino kuposa AE; FFA imachita bwino kuposa AE pakutulutsa thovu.
4.Mankhwala Opangira Ma Surfactants a Amphoteric
Ma surfactants a Amphoteric ali ndi magulu a anionic ndi cationic hydrophilic. Chifukwa chake, amachita ngati zinthu za cationic mu mayankho a acidic, zinthu za anionic mu mayankho a alkaline, ndipo sawonetsa‑ayoni‑monga momwe zilili mu njira zopanda mpweya. Ma amphoteric surfactants amasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, acid yambiri ndi alkali, komanso ngakhale zinthu zopanda chilengedwe zambiri‑mankhwala a mchere. Amakhala ndi mphamvu zabwino komanso zolimba‑Kukana madzi, khungu silikuyabwa bwino, kufewetsa nsalu bwino, kumachepetsa kutentha kwa dzuwa, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso kumagwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoyeretsera.
Zogulitsa zotere zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa pH yochuluka. Komabe, poganizira momwe ma ionic alili pansi pa asidi osiyanasiyana‑m'mikhalidwe yoyambira, amagwira ntchito bwino m'mikhalidwe ya acidic komanso yopanda ndale kuposa m'mikhalidwe ya alkaline. Kawirikawiri, ma surfactants amphoteric ndi okwera mtengo kuposa omwe si‑ma ionic surfactants.
Mitundu yofunika kwambiri ya amphoteric surfactants ndi dodecyl dimethyl betaine ndi carboxylate.‑mtundu wa imidazolines. Poyerekeza ndi ma surfactants a anionic, si‑Ma ionic surfactants ali ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso zovuta zochepa, koma mphamvu yochepetsera mphamvu ndi thovu ndi yofooka.‑Ma surfactants a ionic, ma surfactants a amphoteric amachita bwino kwambiri m'malo ena ndipo amafanana nawo m'malo ena. Ma surfactants a amphoteric ali ndi mphamvu yotulutsa thovu kwambiri kuposa omwe si achizolowezi.‑ma ionic surfactants (AE ali ndi mphamvu yofooka yotulutsa thovu), mphamvu yamphamvu yopha mabakiteriya poyerekeza ndi omwe si‑ma surfactants a ionic ndi anionic, komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino. Chifukwa chake, mu sopo wamadzimadzi, ma surfactants amphoteric amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu shampu, kutsatiridwa ndi zotsukira khungu monga zotsukira thupi.
Ma surfactants wamba a cationic ndi hexadecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (1631), octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1831), cationic guar gum (C).‑14S), panthenol ya cationic, mafuta a cationic silicone, dodecyl dimethyl amine oxide (OB)‑2), ndi zina zotero. Mosiyana ndi ma surfactants ena, ma cationic surfactants ali ndi mphamvu yofooka yochotsa poizoni ndi thovu, ndipo ali ndi poizoni pang'ono wokwiyitsa.
Mu zotsukira zamadzimadzi, ma cationic surfactants amagwira ntchito ngati ma surfactants othandizira, zomwe ndi zigawo zowongolera zomwe zimakhala ndi mlingo wochepa mu kapangidwe kake. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zotsukira zambiri.‑zinthu zomaliza, makamaka ma shampu. Ma cationic surfactants sangaphatikizidwe mwachindunji ndi ma anionic surfactants. Ngakhale zotsatira zabwino zitha kupezeka mukagwiritsa ntchito cation.‑Kuphatikiza kwa anionic, pali chiopsezo chachikulu cha mvula (crystallization).
Ma surfactants ambiri a cationic amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu shampu popanda kudalira kwambiri mtundu umodzi kapena iwiri yeniyeni; nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kukhala othandizira okonza zinthu. Ma surfactants a cationic ndi ochepa kwambiri pa ntchito yonse ya surfactant ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kuposa magulu ena. Pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ma surfactants, ma surfactants a cationic amapereka mphamvu yowoneka bwino kwambiri yokonza zinthu komanso mphamvu yamphamvu yopha mabakiteriya. Ngakhale kuti ndi ovuta kuphatikizapo kufooka kwa detergent, mphamvu yochepa yotulutsa thovu, kusagwirizana kochepa, kukwiya kwakukulu komanso mtengo wokwera, ma surfactants ena sangasinthidwe ndi iwo ngati zosakaniza zokonza zinthu pakhungu lakuda.‑Zotsukira madzi monga shampu. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ma cationic surfactants ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zokonzera kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Nthawi yotumizira: Ogasiti-06-2026