1.Kupu Whakataki
I te whanaketanga o te umanga matū, kua piki haere tonu te taumata oranga o te tangata. Ahakoa kua tino pai ake te oranga, kua puta mai hoki ngā raruraru nui ki te taiao, tae atu ki te whakararu i te hauora me te haumaru o te tangata. I te piki haere tonu o ngā hiahia o te tangata mō te hauora, kua aro nui te marea ki te haumaru o ngā hua matū e kitea whānuitia ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā. Ko ngā hopi horoi, he matū e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i te oranga o ia rā me te hanga ahumahi, kua tino āwangawanga te marea mō tō rātou haumaru.
Kua taka te haumaru o ngā hua matū ki roto i tētahi raruraru whakapono. I tētahi taha, ka puta tēnei āhuatanga nā te whakawhirinaki nui ki te hanga hopi horoi ki ngā rauemi mata tuku iho, ā, i tētahi taha, nā te kore o te mōhiotanga ngaio o te marea mō ngā tukanga hanga matū.
I runga i tēnei horopaki, e arahina ana e te ariā matua o te matū matomato — "te whakaiti me te whakakore i te parahanga taiao i te pūtake" — ka hoahoa, ka whakawhanake hoki tēnei rangahau i ngā mea houhopi horoingā whakatakotoranga. He pai mō te taiaongā matū horoiā, ka whakamahia ngā matū tauhohenga e āhei ana ki te aukati i ngā moroiti i roto i te wai ki roto i tēnei whakatakotoranga hopi horoi.
2.Te Āhua o te Whanaketanga o nāianei oNgā hopi horoi
Mai i te taenga mai o te tangata ki te ao whānui, kua noho tonu ngā mahi horoi hei wāhanga nui o te oranga o te tangata. Tata ki te 5,000 tau ki muri, ka tīmata te tangata ki te kohikohi i ngā matū horoi taiao pērā i ngā hua o te honi me ngā wāhanga kawakore i roto i te pungarehu tipu hei horoi. E toru rau tau i muri mai, ka hangaia ngā matū horoi e te tangata. Neke atu i te rau tau ki muri, ka hangaia te hopi. Mai i taua wā, kua noho te hopi i hangaia mai i te hinu, te kawakore, te tote, ngā mea kakara me ngā tae hei hopi horoi tuku iho. Ko te hopi horoi tuatahi i hangaia, ko te alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, i puta i te Pakanga Tuatahi o te Ao. I whakawhanakehia e te BASF o Tiamana i te tau 1917, ā, i whakatūria mana ki te hanga i te tau 1925. I rongonui te hopi horoi hanga i muri i te kitenga o te sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate me te tetrapropylene alkyl benzene, ā, i whakatūria mana ki te hanga i waenga i te tau 1935 me te 1939.
3.Ngā Kai Whai Hua me te Tikanga Mahi oNgā hopi horoi
3.1Te horoiKaupapa
Ko te horoi i te tikanga whānui e pā ana ki te tukanga tango paru mai i te mata o te kaikawe. I te wā e horoi ana, ka ngoikore, ka whakakorea rānei e te mahi a te hopi horoi te taunekeneke i waenga i te paru me te kaikawe, ka huri i te āhua piri o te paru me te kaikawe ki te āhua piri o te paru me te hopi horoi. Hei te mutunga, ka wehea te paru mai i te kaikawe mā te horoi me ētahi atu tikanga. Ka taea te whakaatu i te tukanga taketake o te mahi horoi mā te whanaungatanga māmā e whai ake nei:
Kawe·Paru + Hopi horoi → Kawe + Paru·Hopi horoi
Ko te piri o te paru ki ngā mea kua wehea ki te piri ā-tinana me te piri matū. Kei roto hoki i te piri ā-tinana te piri ā-pūkaha me te piri hiko-pūmau.
Ko te piri matū e pā ana ki te piri e tutukihia ana mā roto i ngā hononga matū. Hei tauira, ko ngā paru pūmua me te waikura e piri ana ki ngā mea muka he piri matū. Nā te kaha o te taunekeneke matū o tēnei momo piri, ka piri pūmau te paru ki te papa, ā, he tino uaua ki te tango, me whai tikanga maimoatanga motuhake.
He ngoikore te kaha taunekeneke i waenga i te paru e piri ana mā te piri ā-tinana me te papa, ā, he māmā ake te tango atu i te piri matū. He ngāwari te tango i te paru e piri ana ki te miihini; he uaua noa te tango atu ina iti ngā matūriki paru (<0.1 μm). Ka puta te piri hiko hei taunekeneke i waenga i ngā matūriki paru kua utua me ngā utu rerekē. He kaha ake tēnei kaha i te kaha miihini, ā, he uaua te tango i te paru.
Ko te tukanga horoi i te paru e whakaarohia ana ko enei waahanga e whai ake nei:
A. Mimihanga: Ka mimihia ngā matū horoi i roto i ngā hopi horoi i te hononga i waenga i te paru me te kaikawe.
B. Te Mākū me te Wāhi Whakauru: Nā te mimiti aronga ā-mata o ngā matū horoi, ka taea e te hopi horoi te uru ki waenganui i te paru me te kaikawe, ka mākū te kaikawe, ka whakaiti i te kaha piri i waenganui i te paru me te kaikawe.
C. Te Marara me te Whakapūmau i te Paru: Ko te paru kua tangohia mai i te mata kawe ka marara, ka whakaemuhia, ka whakarewaina rānei ki roto i te wai hopi horoi, kia kore ai te paru kua tangohia e piri anō ki te mata kua horoia.
3.1.1 Ngā Momo Oneone
Ko te oneone e pā ana ki ngā matū hinuhinu e piri ana ki ngā kaikawe me ngā piripiri o aua matū hinuhinu, he tino uaua te hanganga. I runga i ngā āhua rerekē, ka taea te whakarōpū whānuitia ki te oneone totoka, te oneone wai me te oneone motuhake.
Ko ngā oneone totoka noa ko te waikura, te puehu, ngā matūriki pango waro me ērā atu mea. Ko ngā mata o ēnei matū he maha ngā utu kino, ka ngāwari ai te piri ki ngā papa. Ko te nuinga o ngā oneone totoka he kore wairewa i te wai, engari ka taea te whakamarara ngāwari ki roto i ngā wairewa wai kei roto ngā hopi horoi; he māmā ake te tango i ngā matūriki totoka nui ake. Ko te nuinga o ngā oneone wai noa he wairewa i te hinu, ā, ka taea te whakapūhui ki ngā wairewa kawakore, e whakamārama ana i te take he kawakore te nuinga o ngā hopi horoi. Ko ngā oneone motuhake e pā ana ki ngā paru uaua pērā i ngā paru toto, te wai tipu me ngā paru tangata. Ko tēnei momo oneone ka tangohia tuatahitia e ngā mātā, nā te mea ka taea e te āhuatanga waikura kaha o ngā mātā te whakangaro i ō rātou rōpū chromophoric.
3.2 Ngā Kai Hohe i roto i ngā Hopi Hopi
Ko ngā matū hopi horoi, e mōhiotia ana ko ngā matū hohe-mata, ngā wāhanga matua o ngā hopi horoi. Ka tere te rewa ki te wai, ā, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga tae atu ki te whakakore i te poke, te pahuka, te whakarewa, te whakapūkara, te whakamakuku me te horapa.
3.2.1 Ngā Kaihoroi: Te Takenga Mai me te Whanaketanga
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā whakamātautau mā te tāpiri i ētahi matū ki te wai ka taea te whakarerekē i tōna kukū mata, ā, he rerekē ngā pānga o ngā matū rerekē ki te kukū mata o te wai.
Mō te āhuatanga o te whakaiti i te kukū mata, ko te kaha ki te whakaheke i te kukū mata o te whakarewa e tautuhia ana ko te ngohe mata, ā, ko ngā matū he ngohe mata ka kiia he matū hohe-mata. Ko ngā matū ka taea te whakarerekē nui i te āhua o te mata o te pūnaha otinga ina tāpirihia i roto i ngā rahinga iti ka kiia ko ngā surfactants.
Ko te matū horoi he matū e, ina tāpirihia ki te whakarewa i roto i te iti o te horopeta, ka taea te whakaiti i te taumahatanga o te mata o te whakarewa me te whakarerekē i te āhua o te mata o te pūnaha. Ka puta ake i tēnei he raupapa o ngā mahi pēnei i te whakamakuku, te whakakorenga, te whakapūkara, te horapa rānei, te whakapūkara, te whakakorenga rānei i te huka, te whakarewa, te whakamakuku, te whakahoromata, te whakangawari, te ārai wai, te ārai i te pao me te ātete ki te waikura, hei whakatutuki i ngā tono mahi.
I puta tuatahi mai ngā matū horoi hopi i Ihipa onamata i te tau 2500 BC pea, i reira ngā Ihipiana onamata i hanga ai i ngā hua horoi mai i te ranunga o te ngako hipi me te pungarehu tipu. I te tau 70 AD pea, i hangaia e Pliny o te Emepaea Romana te pae hopi ngako hipi tuatahi. Kāore i tino rongonui te hopi tae noa ki te tau 1791, i te wā i kitea ai e te kaimātai matū Wīwī a Nicolas Leblanc te tikanga whakaputa houra tunutunu mā te hikohiko o te konutai pūhaumāota. Ko tētahi hua o te wāhanga tuarua o te whanaketanga matū horoi ko te Hinu Whero Turkey, e mōhiotia ana ko te Hinu Castor Sulfonated. Ka hangaia mā te tauhohenga o te hinu castor ki te waikawa whanariki kukū i te pāmahana iti, ā, muri iho ka whakakorengia ki te konutai hauwai. He tino kaha te hinu whero Turkey ki te whakapūkara, te uruhanga, te mākū me te horapa, ā, he pai ake i te hopi i te ātete ki te wai mārō, te waikawa me ngā tote whakarewa.
3.2.2 Hanganga o te Mahi Mata
Ko ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā matū horoi i ahu mai i tō rātou hanganga ngota motuhake. Ko ngā matū horoi he ngota raina kei roto i ngā rōpū polar hydrophilic me ngā rōpū hydrophobic lipophilic non-polar.
He rerekē ngā hanganga o ngā rōpū wai-whakahāwea pērā i ngā mekameka tika, ngā mekameka peka me ngā hanganga porowhita. Ko ngā mea tino noa ko ngā mekameka hauwaiora tae atu ki ngā alkane, ngā alkene, ngā cycloalkane me ngā hauwaiora kakara, ko te nuinga o ngā tau ngota waro kei waenga i te 8 ki te 20. Ko ētahi atu rōpū wai-whakahāwea ko ngā waipiro ngako, ngā alkylphenols, me ngā rōpū ngota kei roto ko te fluorine, te silicon me ētahi atu huānga. Ka whakarōpūtia ngā rōpū wai-whakahāwea ki ngā momo anionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic me ngā momo kore-ionic. Ka taea e ngā surfactants ionic te ionize i roto i te wai hei kawe i ngā utu hiko, ko ngā surfactants kore-ionic kāore e taea te ionize i roto i te wai engari he polarity me te wairewa wai.
3.2.3 Ngā Kaihoroi Kino Noa
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā matū horoi i roto i te oranga o ia rā o te tangata, engari he matū tonu. He maha ngā rauemi mata mō ngā matū horoi he paitini me ngā āhuatanga parahanga. Kāore e kore ka pā kino ki te taiao; ina pā atu ki te tangata, ka taea e rātou te whakapataritari i te kiri, ā, ko ētahi he paitini kaha me te waikura, ka tino kino ki te tinana tangata. Kei raro nei ētahi matū horoi kino e kitea ana:
A. APEO
Ko te APEO he momo matū kore-ionic noa, he mea tito mai i te wāhanga alkyl me te wāhanga ethoxy. Nā te rerekētanga o te roa o te mekameka waro o te wāhanga alkyl me ngā rahinga tāpiri rerekē o te wāhanga ethoxy, ka puta he maha ngā momo APEO me ngā rerekētanga mahi nui i waenga i ngā momo rerekē. I roto i te tukanga hanga o te APEO, kāore te hua matua e mate pukupuku, engari ko ōna hua taha he waikura ki te kiri me ngā kanohi, ā, ko ētahi ka pāngia e te mate pukupuku i ngā wā kino. Ahakoa kāore e kino tika ki ngā rauropi, he mōrearea te APEO ki ngā homoni taiao. Ka uru atu ēnei matū matū ki te tinana tangata mā roto i ngā huarahi rerekē, ka puta he pānga rite ki te estrogen, ka whakararuraru i te tukunga homoni tangata noa, ā, ka whakaiti ake i te maha o ngā parāoa tāne. Ehara i te mea he kino noa ki te tangata; e whakaatu ana ngā pūrongo ko tana rauemi mata hangai NPEO ka pāngia hoki ngā ika e te kino nui.
B. PFOS
Ko te PFOS, e kiia katoatia ana ko Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, he kupu whānui mō tētahi momo surfactants perfluorinated. He pānga whakanui taiao tōna. Nā ōna āhuatanga ā-tinana me ā-matū motuhake, he tino uaua te pirau o te PFOS, ā, e kiia ana ko tētahi o ngā matū tino uaua. I muri i te urunga ki ngā kararehe me te tinana tangata mā te mekameka kai, ka kohia i roto i ngā rahinga nui, ā, ka tino mōrearea ki te hauora koiora.
C. LAS
He parahanga rauropi nui te LAS e tino kino ana ki te taiao. Ka taea e ia te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga ā-tinana me te matū o te oneone, pērā i te whakarerekētanga o te pH o te oneone me te nui o te wai, ā, ka ārai i te tipu o ngā tipu. Hei tāpiri, ina uru ki ngā wai, ka taea e te LAS te whakakotahi me ētahi atu parahanga hei hanga i ngā matūriki korori kua marara, ā, ka whakaatu i te paitini ki ngā rauropi taitamariki teitei me ngā rauropi iti.
D. Ngā Kaiwhakaora Warowaihā
Ko te PFOA me te PFOS ngā matū matua e rua e whakamahia ana hei horoi i te hauota waro-hauora. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau e tika ana he nui te paitini o ēnei matū, ka puta te parahanga taiao pumau, ā, ka nui te kohikohi i roto i ngā rauropi. Nō reira, i whakarārangihia rātou hei Parahanga Ora Pūmau (POP) e te Kotahitanga o ngā Whenua o te Ao i te tau 2009.
4 Ngā Kaihoroi Momo-Hou me te Momo-Kakariki
A. Ngā Kaihoroi Waikawa Amino
Ko ngā matū horoi i hangaia mai i ngā waikawa amino he mea hanga mai i ngā rauemi mata koiora me te nui o ngā pūtake. He iti ngā pānga paitini me ngā pānga taha, he ngawari ngā āhuatanga, he iti te whakapataritari i ngā rauropi, ā, he tino pai te pirau. E ai ki ngā āhuatanga utu o ngā rōpū hydrophilic i muri i te ionization i roto i te wai, ka taea hoki te whakarōpū ki ngā wāhanga e whā: cationic, anionic, non-ionic me amphoteric. Ko ngā momo noa ko te momo waikawa amino N-alkyl, te momo waikawa amino ester me te momo waikawa amino N-acyl.
B. Ngā Kaiwhakaora Whākōkī Paināporo
Ka puta ngā matū horoi whākōkī paināporo mā te whakapūkara i te paraoa kākano camellia me te keke hinu i mahue i muri i te tango hinu, te kiri paināporo, me te paura rewena, te pectinase me ētahi atu moroiti. Ahakoa kāore anō kia mārama te hanganga ngota o ō rātou kai hohe, e whakaatu ana ngā raraunga whakamātautau he pai te mahi horoi.
C. SAA
He hinu nikau te SAA. He hua i hangaia mai i ngā rauemi mata o ngā tipu ka taea te whakahou, ā, kua arohia whānuitia. He pai mō te taiao te tukanga whakaputa. Heoi anō, i roto i te wai mārō he nui te konupūmā me te konupora iona, ka puhoi ake te whakaputa i ngā tote konupūmā i ngā matū horoi e whakamahia whānuitia ana pērā i te LAS me te AS, ko te tikanga he tino pai te horoi i roto i ngā mahi.
5 Te Tirohanga mō te Whakawhanaketanga o te Hopi Horoi
I roto i te mākete hopi horoi o te ao, he rerekē ngā kaupapa matua me ngā au o ngā whenua, engari he rite tonu te huarahi rangahau whānui mō ngā hua hopi horoi. Ko te kukū me te waimeha o ngā hopi horoi kua noho hei au matua, ko te tiaki wai, te haumaru, te penapena pūngao, te ngaio, te atawhai taiao me te maha o ngā mahi kua puta hei huarahi whanaketanga rongonui. Ko ngā surfactants, ngā rauemi mata matua o ngā hopi horoi, kei te whanake haere ki te ngawari, te hanganga matū me te hototahi ki te taiao. Ko ngā whakaritenga whākōkī, e whakamanamana ana i te tino whai hua, te motuhake me te atawhai taiao, kua noho hei wāhi rangahau i roto i te whanaketanga hopi horoi. I te nuinga, ko ngā au whanaketanga o te umanga hopi horoi kua whakarāpopototia penei:
Te kanorau, te motuhaketanga me te wehewehenga o ngā hua hopi horoi. Ka taea te wehewehe i ngā hopi horoi ki ngā momo totoka, paura, wai me te tiēre mā te āhua; momo kukū me te momo noa mā te nui o ngā matū hohe; me ngā momo kāwai rerekē mā te takai, te tae me te kakara.
Ko ngā hopi horoi wai te wāhanga hua tino whai hua. Ki te whakaritea ki ngā hopi horoi totoka, he pai ake te mahi a ngā hopi horoi wai i roto i te horoinga pāmahana iti, he ngāwari ake te hoahoa tauira me ngā tukanga whakaputa māmā ake. He iti ake hoki te haumi taputapu e hiahiatia ana, ā, he iti ake te kaha e pau ana i te wā whakaputa.
Te kukū haere o ngā hua hopi horoi. Mai i te tau 2009, kua whanake ngā hopi horoi kukū ki ngā wāhanga matua e toru: te paura horoi kukū, ngā ipu horoi kukū me te hopi horoi wai kukū. He tino pai ngā painga o ngā hopi horoi kukū ki ngā hua tuku iho, tae atu ki te nui o te matū hohe, te hopi horoi kaha me te penapena pūngao. Hei tāpiri, ka penapena i ngā rauemi tākai, ka whakaiti i ngā utu kawe, ā, ka iti ake te wāhi putunga nā te mea he kukū te hanganga.
Te arotahi ki te haumaru o te tangata. Nā te whakapainga o ngā paerewa oranga, kāore te tangata e arotake noa i ngā hopi horoi mā te tango paru. Ko te haumaru o te tangata, te kore paitini me te kore whakapataritari ngawari kua noho hei paearu nui mō te whiriwhiri hopi horoi.
Te whanaketanga hua e pai ana ki te taiao. Ko te eutrophication i puta mai i ngā hopi horoi kei roto he phosphorus me ngā pānga kino ki te taiao o ngā kaihoko whakama kua kukume i te āwangawanga whānui o te marea. Hei whakautu i ngā whakaritenga o te matū matomato, kei te neke haere te kōwhiringa rauemi mata mō ngā hopi horoi ki ngā kōwhiringa e pai ana ki te taiao me te ngawari.
Ngā Mahi Maha. He ia whanaketanga whānui te maha o ngā mahi mō ngā momo hua pāpori, ā, kua noho noa ngā mea e hiahiatia ana mō ia rā, mō ia whakamahinga, mō ia whakamahinga. Ā tōna wā, ka whakauruhia e ngā hopi horoi te tango paru me ngā mahi pēnei i te whakamate, te patu huakita me te whakama.
Wā tuku: Mei-15-2026