Sipo yedhishi uye maSurfactants

1.Nhanganyaya

Nekukura kweindasitiri yemakemikari, mararamiro evanhu agara achivandudzwa. Kunyange hazvo hupenyu hwave huchivandudzwa zvikuru, zvakakonzerawo matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza, zvichitoisa panjodzi hutano hwevanhu nekuchengetedzeka. Sezvo zvinodiwa nevanhu pahutano zvichiramba zvichikwira, kuchengetedzeka kwezvinhu zvemakemikari kuri kuwanikwa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva kwakwezva vanhu vakawanda. Mishonga yekushambidzira, sezvinhu zvemakemikari zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye mukugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri, yave ichinyanya kushushikana neveruzhinji pamusoro pekuchengetedzeka kwayo.

Kuchengetedzeka kwezvinhu zvemakemikari kwakambova dambudziko guru. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekushandisa sipo pakugadzira zvinhu zvechinyakare, uye kune rumwe rutivi nekuda kwekushaya ruzivo rwehunyanzvi rweveruzhinji nezvemaitiro ekugadzira makemikari.

Zvichienderana neizvi, zvichitungamirirwa nepfungwa huru yekemikari yegirini — "kuderedza nekubvisa kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kubva pakutanga" — chidzidzo ichi chinogadzira nekugadzira zvitsvasipo yekugezaMishonga. Inochengetedza zvakatipoteredzazvinhu zvinoshandisa masurfactantuye makemikari anokwanisa kudzivirira tupukanana mumvura anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemushonga uyu.

2.Mamiriro Ekuvandudzwa Kwazvino eSipo dzekuchenesa

Kubva vanhu vapinda munharaunda ine tsika, mabasa ekugeza agara ari chikamu chakakosha muhupenyu hwevanhu. Makore angangoita 5,000 apfuura, vanhu vakatanga kuunganidza zvinhu zvechisikigo zvinoshambidza kugeza zvakaita semichero yeChinese honeylocust uye zvinhu zvealkaline mumadota emiti kuti zviwanikwe. Makore mazana matatu gare gare, masurfactants akagadzirwa nevanhu. Makore anopfuura zana apfuura, sipo yakagadzirwa. Kubva ipapo, sipo yakagadzirwa nemafuta, alkali, munyu, zvinonhuwira uye pigments yave sipo yechinyakare. Sipo yekutanga yekugadzira yakagadzirwa, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, yakabuda panguva yeHondo Yenyika I. Yakagadzirwa neBASF yeGermany muna 1917 uye yakatanga kugadzirwa zviri pamutemo muna 1925. Kupararira kwesipo dzekugadzira kwakaitika mushure mekunge sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate uye tetrapropylene alkyl benzene zvawanikwa uye zvakatangwa kugadzirwa zviri pamutemo pakati pa1935 na1939.

3.Zvinhu Zvinoshanda uye Maitiro Ekuita eSipo dzekuchenesa

3.1KugezaNheyo

Kusuka zvinoreva nzira yekubvisa tsvina pamusoro pechinhu chinotakura tsvina. Panguva yekugeza, kushanda kwesipo kunopedza simba kana kubvisa kusangana pakati petsvina nechinotakura tsvina, zvichishandura mamiriro ekubatanidza tsvina nechinotakura kuita mamiriro ekubatanidza tsvina nechinotakura tsvina. Pakupedzisira, tsvina inoparadzaniswa nechinotakura kuburikidza nekusuka nedzimwe nzira. Maitiro ekutanga ekugeza anogona kuratidzwa nehukama huri nyore hunotevera:

Mutakuri·Tsvina + Sipo → Mutakuri + Sipo·Sipo

Kubatana kwetsvina nezvinhu kwakakamurwa kuita kunamatira kwepanyama uye kunamatira kwemakemikari. Kubatana kwepanyama kunosanganisirawo kunamatira kwemechanical uye kunamatira kwemagetsi.

Kunamatira kwemakemikari kunonyanya kureva kubatana kunowanikwa kuburikidza nezvisungo zvemakemikari. Semuenzaniso, mavara eprotein nengura zvinonamirwa pazvinhu zvefiber ndezvekunamatira kwemakemikari. Sezvo simba rekubatana kwemakemikari rerudzi urwu rwekunamatira rakasimba, tsvina inosanganiswa zvakasimba nesubstrate uye inonetsa kubvisa, zvichida nzira dzakakosha dzekurapa.

Simba rekubatana pakati petsvina yakabatana nekunamatira kwemuviri ne substrate harina kusimba, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kubvisa kana tichienzanisa nekunamatira kwemakemikari. Tsvina ine kunamatira kwemuchina iri nyore kubvisa; zvinongooma kubvisa kana zvidimbu zvetsvina zviri zvidiki (<0.1 μm). Kunamatira kwemagetsi kunoratidzwa sekubatana pakati pezvidimbu zvetsvina zvakachajwa uye zvinopikisa. Simba iri rakasimba kupfuura simba remuchina, zvichikonzera kubviswa kwetsvina kwakaoma.

Kubviswa kwetsvina kunoonekwa sekuita nhanho dzinotevera:

A. Kunyungudutsa: Zvinonyungudutsa mu sipo zvinonyungudutsa zvakananga pakati pevhu nechinotakura.

B. Kunyorovesa uye Kupinda: Nekuda kwekunyorovesa kwemasurfactants nenzira inoenderana nerutivi, sipo inogona kupinda pakati pevhu nechinotakura, yonyorovesa chinotakura, uye kuderedza simba rekunamatira pakati pevhu nechinotakura.

C. Kupararira uye Kudzikamisa Tsvina: Tsvina yakabviswa pamusoro pechinhu chinotakura tsvina inoparadzirwa, inosanganiswa kana kunyungudika mumushonga wekuchenesa, zvichiita kuti tsvina yakabviswa isazobatanidzwazve pamusoro pechinhu chakacheneswa.

3.1.1 Mhando dzevhu

Ivhu rinoreva zvinhu zvine mafuta zvinonamatira pazvinotakura pamwe chete nezvinonamira zvezvinhu zvine mafuta zvakadaro, zvine musanganiswa wakaoma kunzwisisa. Zvichibva pamhando dzakasiyana, rinogona kupatsanurwa kuita ivhu rakasimba, ivhu remvura uye ivhu rakakosha.

Ivhu rakajairika rakasimba rinosanganisira ngura, guruva, zvidimbu zvitema zvekabhoni nezvimwewo. Pamusoro pezvinhu izvi panowanzova nechaji dzisina kunaka, zvichiita kuti dzikwanise kunamira kune substrates. Zvidimbu zvakawanda zvevhu rakasimba hazvinyungudike mumvura, asi zvinogona kuparadzirwa zviri nyore mumvura ine sipo; zvidimbu zvikuru zvakasimba zviri nyore kubvisa. Ivhu rakawanda remvura rinonyungudika mumafuta uye rinogona kusanganiswa ne saponification ne alkaline solutions, izvo zvinotsanangura kuti nei sipo dzakawanda dziri alkaline. Ivhu rakakosha rinonyanya kureva mavara akaomarara akadai semadonhwe eropa, muto wemiti uye kubuda kwevanhu. Rudzi urwu rwevhu runonyanya kubviswa nema bleach, sezvo hunhu hwakasimba hwe bleach hunogona kuparadza mapoka avo e chromophoric.

3.2 Zvinhu Zvinoshanda Mumadhishi Ekudziisa

Zvinhu zvinonyunguduka, zvinozivikanwawo sezvinhu zvinoshanda pamusoro pemvura, ndizvo zvinonyanya kushanda mu sipo. Zvinonyunguduka nekukurumidza mumvura uye zvinoratidza hunhu hwakanaka hunosanganisira kubvisa tsvina, kupupuma furo, kunyunguduka, kusanganisa mvura, kunyorovesa uye kupararira.

3.2.1 MaSurfactants: Kwakatangira uye Kubudirira

Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti kuwedzera zvimwe zvinhu mumvura kunogona kuchinja kusimba kwemvura pamusoro payo, uye zvinhu zvakasiyana zvine mhedzisiro yakasiyana pasimba remvura pamusoro payo.

Panyaya yekudzikisa kushushikana kwenzvimbo, kugona kuderedza kushushikana kwenzvimbo yechinhu chinonyungudutsa kunotsanangurwa sekushanda kwepamusoro, uye zvinhu zvine basa repamusoro zvinonzi zvinhu zvinoshanda pamusoro. Zvinhu zvinogona kuchinja zvakanyanya mamiriro ekubatana kwenzvimbo yegadziriro yemhinduro kana zvikawedzerwa muhuwandu hushoma zvinonzi ma surfactants.

Chinhu chinonzi surfactant, kana chikaiswa mu solvent muchiyero chidiki, chinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana kwe solvent uye kuchinja mamiriro e interfacial system. Izvi zvinokonzera mabasa akasiyana-siyana akadai sekunyorovesa kana kubvisa weti, emulsification kana demulsification, dispersion kana flocculation, furo kana defoaming, solubilization, moisturizing, sterilization, softening, water repellency, antistatic property uye corrosion resistance, kuti zvienderane nezvinodiwa pakushandisa.

Zvishandiso zvema surfactants zvakagadzirwa nesipo zvakatanga kuonekwa muEgypt yekare kunenge muna 2500 BC, uko vaIjipita vekare vaigadzira zvigadzirwa zvekuchenesa kubva musanganiswa wemafuta enyama yemombe nemadota emiti. Kunenge muna 70 AD, Pliny weRoman Empire akagadzira sipo yekutanga yemafuta enyama yemombe. Sipo haina kuwana mukurumbira wakapararira kusvika muna 1791, apo kemesitiri wekuFrance Nicolas Leblanc akawana nzira yekugadzira caustic soda kuburikidza ne electrolysis ye sodium chloride. Chigadzirwa chedanho rechipiri rekugadzirwa kwe surfactant iTurkey Red Oil, inozivikanwawo seSulfonated Castor Oil. Inogadzirwa nekuita reaction yemafuta e castor ne concentrated sulfuric acid patembiricha yakaderera, ichiteverwa ne neutralization ne sodium hydroxide. Turkey Red Oil ine simba guru re emulsifying, permeability, wettability uye diffusibility, uye inoita zvakanaka kupfuura sipo mukudzivirira mvura yakaoma, acid ne metal salts.

3.2.2 Maumbirwo Ebasa Repamusoro

Hunhu hwakasiyana hwema surfactants hunobva muchimiro chavo chakakosha chemamorekuru. Ma surfactants anowanzo kuve mamorekuru akatsetseka ane mapoka epolar anofashukira e hydrophilic uye mapoka epolar anofashukira e lipophilic.

Mapoka anotya mvura ane maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana akadai semaketani akatwasuka, macheni ane matavi uye maumbirwo anotenderera. Anonyanya kuzivikanwa macheni ehydrocarbon anosanganisira maalkanes, maalkenes, macycloalkanes uye mahydrocarbon aromatic, ane nhamba zhinji dzemaatomu ekabhoni dzinotangira pa8 kusvika pa20. Mamwe mapoka anotya mvura anosanganisira mafuta alcohols, maalkylphenols, uye mapoka eatomu ane fluorine, silicon nezvimwe zvinhu. Mapoka anotya mvura akakamurwa kuita mhando dzeanionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic uye non-ionic. MaIonic surfactants anogona kuita ioni mumvura kuti atakure magetsi, nepo maNon-ionic surfactants asingagone kuita ioni mumvura asi ane polarity uye mvura inonyunguduka.

3.2.3 Mishonga Inowanzo Kukuvadza

Ma-surfactant anoshandiswa zvakanyanya muhupenyu hwevanhu hwezuva nezuva, asi hapana mubvunzo kuti ndiwo makemikari. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvema-surfactant zvine huturu hwakati uye kusvibiswa. Hazvidzivisiki kuti zvinokonzera kukuvadza nharaunda; kana zvabatwa nevanhu, zvinogona kutsamwisa ganda, uye zvimwe zvacho zvine huturu hwakasimba uye kuora, zvichikuvadza muviri wemunhu zvakanyanya. Zvinotevera zvinounza ma-surfactant akawanda anowanzo kukuvadza:

A. APEO

APEO imhando yakajairika ye non-ionic surfactant, inoumbwa ne alkyl moiety uye ethoxy moiety. Kuchinja-chinja urefu hwekabhoni cheni ye alkyl chikamu uye huwandu hwakasiyana hwe ethoxy chikamu zvinoguma nemhando dzakawanda dziripo dze APEO dzine musiyano mukuru wekushanda pakati pemhando dzakasiyana. Mukugadzirwa kwe APEO, chigadzirwa chikuru hachikonzere kenza, asi zvimwe zvinogadzirwa nazvo zvinokuvadza ganda nemaziso, uye zvimwe zvinogona kutokonzera kenza muzviitiko zvakakomba. Kunyangwe zvisingakuvadzi zvakananga zvipenyu, APEO inokonzera njodzi yemahormone ezvakatipoteredza. Makemikari akadaro anopinda mumuviri wemunhu nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, anoita mhedzisiro yakafanana ne estrogen, anovhiringidza kuburitswa kwemahormone emunhu, uye anowedzera kuderedza huwandu hwembeu dzevarume. Haingokuvadzi vanhu chete; mishumo inoratidza kuti zvinhu zvayo zvakagadzirwa ne NPEO zvinokonzerawo kukuvara kukuru kuhove.

B. PFOS

PFOS, inonzi Perfluorooctane Sulfonate zvizere, izwi rekuti kirasi yemasurfactants ane perfluorine. Ine simba rekuwedzera nharaunda. Nekuda kwehunhu hwayo hwepanyama uye hwemakemikari, PFOS yakaoma zvikuru kuiparadza uye inoonekwa seimwe yezvinhu zvinoramba kusimba zvakanyanya. Mushure mekupinda mumhuka nemumuviri wemunhu kuburikidza neketani yechikafu, inoungana yakawanda uye inotyisidzira zvakanyanya hutano hwemuviri.

C. LAS

LAS chinhu chikuru chinosvibisa zvakatipoteredza chinokonzera kukuvadza kukuru. Inogona kushandura hunhu hweivhu nemakemikari, zvakaita sekuchinja pH yevhu nehuwandu hwemvura, nokudaro ichidzivisa kukura kwezvirimwa. Pamusoro pezvo, kana ichipinda mumvura, LAS inogona kusangana nezvimwe zvinosvibisa kuti igadzire zvidimbu zvecolloidal zvakapararira uye inoratidza chepfu kuzvisikwa zvidiki zvepamusoro nezvisikwa zvakaderera.

D. Zvishandiso zveFluorocarbon

PFOA nePFOS ndiwo maviri makuru e fluorocarbon surfactants. Ongororo dzakakosha dzakaratidza kuti mishonga yakadaro ine chepfu yakanyanya, inokonzera kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunogara kwenguva refu, uye inoungana zvakanyanya muzvisikwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, yakarongwa sePersistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) neSangano reNyika muna 2009.

4 MaSurfactant eGreen neNew-type

A. MaSurfactants Anobva kuAmino Acid

Ma-surfactant anowanikwa muAmino acid anonyanya kugadzirwa nezvinhu zvakabikwa zvine manyuko akawanda. Ane chepfu shoma uye migumisiro yakaipa, hunhu hushoma, kusatsamwisa kushoma kuzvinhu zvipenyu, uye kusaora kwakanaka kwehupenyu. Zvichienderana nehunhu hwemagetsi emapoka ehydrophilic mushure meionization mumvura, anogonawo kuiswa muzvikamu zvina: cationic, anionic, non-ionic uye amphoteric. Mhando dzakajairika dzinosanganisira N-alkyl amino acid type, amino acid ester type uye N-acyl amino acid type.

B. Zvishandiso zveEnzyme yePainapple

Zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira enzyme yepineapple zvinogadzirwa nekuvirisa upfu hwembeu yecamellia nekeke remafuta zvinosara mushure mekubviswa kwemafuta, ganda repineapple, pamwe chete neupfu hwembiriso, pectinase nezvimwe tupukanana. Kunyangwe chimiro chemamorekuru ezvinoshandiswa zvacho chisati chajeka, data rekuyedza rinoratidza kuti zvine simba rakanaka rekusuka.

C. SAA

SAA imhando yemafuta emuchindwe. Sechigadzirwa chinogadzirwa nezvinhu zvinogona kushandiswazve, chakakwezva vanhu vakawanda. Maitiro ekugadzira kwayo haakuvadzi nharaunda. Uyezve, mumvura yakaoma ine calcium yakawanda uye magnesium ion, inokonzera calcium salts zvishoma nezvishoma kupfuura zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya senge LAS neAS, zvichireva kuti inopa hutsanana hwakanaka mukushandiswa kwayo.

5 Tarisiro yekugadzirwa kwetsvina yekuchenesa

Mumusika wepasi rose wedhishi remushonga, nyika dzakasiyana muzvinhu zvinokosheswa pakugadzirwa uye mafambiro azvo, asi nzira yekutsvagisa yezvigadzirwa zvedhishi remushonga inoramba yakafanana. Kuwanda uye kunyungudika kwedhishi remushonga kwave mafambiro makuru, nepo kuchengetedza mvura, kuchengetedzeka, kuchengetedza simba, hunyanzvi, hushamwari kune nharaunda uye mashandiro akawanda zvave nzira dzakakurumbira dzekuvandudza. Madhishi emushonga, zvinhu zvikuru zvedhishi remushonga, ari kushanduka kuita zvinyoro, kugadzira zvinhu zvakasanganiswa uye kuenderana nenharaunda. Kugadzirwa kwema enzyme, ane simba guru, hunhu hwakanaka uye hushamwari kune nharaunda, kwave nzvimbo huru yekutsvaga mukugadziradhishi remushonga. Kazhinji, maitiro ekuvandudza eindasitiri yedhishi remushonga akapfupikiswa seizvi:

Kusiyanisa, kusiyanisa uye kupatsanura zvigadzirwa zvesipo. Sipo dzinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzakasimba, hupfu, mvura uye gel nechimiro; mhando dzakasanganiswa uye mhando dzakajairwa nezviri mukati mechinhu chinoshanda; uye mhando dzakasiyana-siyana nepakeji, ruvara uye hwema.

Sipo dzemvura dzichava chikamu chezvigadzirwa zvinovimbisa zvikuru. Kana tichienzanisa nesipo dzakasimba, sipo dzemvura dzinoshanda zviri nani pakusuka patembiricha yakaderera, dzine dhizaini yefomura inochinjika uye maitiro ekugadzira ari nyore. Dzinodawo mari shoma yekudyara mumidziyo uye dzinoshandisa simba shoma panguva yekugadzira.

Kuwanda kwezvishandiso zvesipo kunoenderera mberi. Kubva muna 2009, sipo dzakasanganiswa dzashanduka kuita zvikamu zvitatu zvikuru: hupfu hwekuwachisa hwakasanganiswa, podhi dzekuwachisa dzakasanganiswa uye sipo yemvura yakasanganiswa. Sipo dzakasanganiswa dzine mabhenefiti anoshamisa pane zvigadzirwa zvechinyakare, zvinosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwezvinhu zvinoshanda, detergent yakasimba uye kuchengetedza simba. Pamusoro pezvo, dzinochengetedza zvinhu zvekurongedza, dzinoderedza mari yekufambisa uye dzinotora nzvimbo shoma yekuchengetera nekuda kwefomula yadzo yakasanganiswa.

Kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu. Nekuvandudzwa kwemararamiro, vanhu havachangotarisi masipo nekungobvisa mavara chete. Kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu, kusakuvadza uye kusashatisa zvishoma kwave chinhu chakakosha pakusarudza sipo.

Kugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa chisina njodzi kunharaunda. Kusvibiswa kwemvura kunokonzerwa nesipo dzine phosphorus uye kukanganisa kwakaipa kwezvinobvisa tsvina kunharaunda kwakonzera kunetseka kukuru kweveruzhinji. Mukupindura zvinodiwa nemakemikari egirini, kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvesipo kuri kuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kuenda kune sarudzo dzisina njodzi kunharaunda uye dzisina njodzi.

Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakawanda inzira iri kushandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, uye zvinhu zvezuva nezuva zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvave zvakajairika muhupenyu. Mune ramangwana, sipo dzinozobatanidza kubvisa mavara nemabasa akadai sekubvisa tsvina, kubvisa utachiona uye kubvisa tsvina.