1.Intangiriro
Uko inganda zikora imiti ihumanya ikirere zigenda zitera imbere, imibereho y’abantu yakomeje kuba myiza. Nubwo ubuzima bwarushijeho kwiyongera cyane, byanateje ibibazo bikomeye by’ibidukikije, ndetse binashyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’abantu n’umutekano wabo. Uko abantu bakomeza kwiyongera mu byo bakeneye ku buzima, umutekano w’ibicuruzwa bihumanya ikirere mu buzima bwa buri munsi wakuruye abantu benshi. Ibikoresho byo gusukura, nk’ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa cyane mu buzima bwa buri munsi no mu nganda, byakuruye impungenge nyinshi ku mutekano wabyo.
Umutekano w'ibicuruzwa bya chimique wigeze kugwa mu kibazo cy'icyizere. Iki kibazo giterwa no kwishingikiriza cyane ku ikorwa ry'isabune ku bikoresho gakondo, no ku rundi ruhande bitewe n'ubumenyi buke bw'abaturage ku bijyanye n'imikorere y'ibinyabutabire.
Muri iki gihe, iyobowe n'igitekerezo cy'ingenzi cya chimie y’ibidukikije - "kugabanya no kurandura ihumana ry’ibidukikije aho rikomoka" - iyi nyigo irashushanya kandi igateza imbere ibishyaisabuneimiti. Irinda ibidukikijeibikoresho by'ubwubatsin'ibinyabutabire bishobora gukumira udukoko mu mazi bikoreshwa muri iyi sabune.
2.Imiterere y'iterambere ry'ubu ryaIbikoresho byo gusukura
Kuva abantu binjira mu muryango w’abantu barangwa n’umuco, ibikorwa byo gukaraba byahoze ari ingenzi mu buzima bw’umuntu. Hashize imyaka igera ku 5.000, abantu batangiye gukusanya ibintu bisanzwe byo gukaraba nk’imbuto z’ubuki bw’Abashinwa n’ibice bya alkaline mu ivu ry’ibimera kugira ngo babikore mu buryo bwo gukaraba. Nyuma y’imyaka magana atatu, ibintu bikozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano byakozwe n’abantu. Hashize imyaka irenga ijana, isabune yavumbuwe. Kuva icyo gihe, isabune ikozwe mu mavuta, alkali, umunyu, ibirungo n’amabara yabaye isabune gakondo. Isabune ya mbere ikozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, yavutse mu Ntambara ya Mbere y’Isi Yose. Yakozwe na BASF y’Ubudage mu 1917 ishyirwa mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro mu 1925. Isabune yakozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano yabaye nyuma y’uko sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate na tetrapropylene alkyl benzene bivumbuwe kandi bigashyirwa mu bikorwa ku mugaragaro hagati ya 1935 na 1939.
3.Ibikoresho Bikora N'uburyo Bwo GukoraIbikoresho byo gusukura
3.1GukarabaIhame
Gukaraba muri rusange bivuga igikorwa cyo gukuraho umwanda ku buso bw'icyuma gitwara ibintu. Mu gihe cyo gukaraba, imikorere y'isabune igabanya cyangwa igakuraho imikoranire iri hagati y'umwanda n'icyuma gitwara ibintu, igahindura imiterere y'umwanda n'icyuma gitwara ibintu mo imiterere y'umwanda n'icyuma gitwara ibintu. Amaherezo, umwanda utandukana n'icyuma gitwara ibintu binyuze mu koza n'ubundi buryo. Igikorwa cy'ibanze cyo gukaraba gishobora kugaragazwa n'isano ikurikira:
Umutwara · Umwanda + Isabune → Umutwara + Isabune · Isabune
Gufatana kw'umwanda ku bintu bigabanyijemo gufatana kw'ibintu mu buryo bw'umubiri n'imiti. Gufatana kw'ibintu mu buryo bw'umubiri bikubiyemo gufatana kw'ibintu mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga no gufatana kw'amashanyarazi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi.
Gufatana kwa shimi ahanini bivuga gufatana kugerwaho binyuze mu migozi ya shimi. Urugero, ibizinga bya poroteyine n'ingese bifatanye n'ibintu bya fibre ni byo bigize gufatana kwa shimi. Kubera ko imbaraga z'imigozi z'ubu bwoko bw'ugufatana muri rusange ziba zikomeye, umwanda uhuzwa neza n'ubutaka kandi biragoye cyane kubikuraho, bigasaba uburyo bwihariye bwo kuvura.
Imbaraga z'imikoranire hagati y'umwanda ufatanye n'ubufatanye bw'umubiri n'ubutaka ni nkeya, bigatuma byoroha kuwukuraho ugereranije n'ubufatanye bw'imiti. Imyanda ifatanye n'ubufatanye bw'imiti biroroshye kuyikuraho; biragoye kuyikuraho gusa iyo uduce tw'umwanda ari duto (<0.1 μm). Ubufatanye bw'imiti bugaragarira mu buryo buhuza uduce tw'umwanda dufite umuriro n'ubufatanye bw'imiti. Iyi mbaraga irakomeye kurusha imbaraga za mashini, bigatuma gukuraho umwanda bigorana.
Uburyo bwo gukaraba umwanda bufatwa nk'ubukubiyemo intambwe zikurikira:
A. Kunyuzamo: Imashini zisukura mu isabune zinyuzwa mu cyerekezo cy’umwanda aho umwanda uhurira n’ikintu gitwara amazi.
B. Gutosesha no Kwinjira: Bitewe n'uburyo imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura ibintu ihuza imiterere y'imbere, iyi sabune ishobora kwinjira hagati y'umwanda n'ikintu gitwara ibintu, ikatose icyo gitwara ibintu, kandi ikagabanya imbaraga zo gufatana hagati y'umwanda n'ikintu gitwara ibintu.
C. Gutatanya no Gutuza Umwanda: Umwanda ukuwe ku buso bw'umuyoboro ujugunywa, uvangwa cyangwa ugashonga mu cyuma gisukura, kugira ngo umwanda ukuweho utazongera gukwirakwira ku buso busukuwe.
3.1.1 Ubwoko bw'ubutaka
Ubutaka bivuga ibintu birunga bifatanye n'ibintu bitwara ibirunga ndetse n'ibirunga by'ibyo bintu birunga, bifite imiterere igoye cyane. Hashingiwe ku miterere itandukanye, bushobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bitandukanye by'ubutaka bukomeye, ubutaka butemba n'ubutaka bwihariye.
Ubutaka busanzwe bukomeye burimo ingese, umukungugu, uduce tw’umukara wa karuboni n’ibindi nk’ibyo. Ubuso bw’ibi bintu akenshi bugira amashanyarazi mabi, bigatuma bukunda gufatana n’ibintu. Uduce twinshi tw’ubutaka bukomeye ntibushobora gushonga mu mazi, nyamara bushobora gukwirakwizwa mu bisubizo by’amazi birimo isabune; uduce duto tw’ubutaka bukomeye biroroshye kubikuraho. Ubutaka busanzwe bw’amazi bushobora gushonga mu mavuta kandi bushobora guhindurwamo saponification hamwe n’ibisubizo bya alkaline, ari nabyo bisobanura impamvu isabune nyinshi ari alkaline. Ubutaka bwihariye ahanini ni ubwandu bukomeye nk’amaraso, ibimera n’ibisigazwa by’abantu. Ubu bwoko bw’ubutaka bukurwaho ahanini n’ibisigazwa, kuko ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gushonga bw’ibisigazwa bushobora kwangiza imiterere yabyo ya chromophoric.
3.2 Ibikoresho bikora mu byuma bisukura
Surfactants, izwi kandi nka ibintu bikora ku buso, ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bigize isabune. Zishonga vuba mu mazi kandi zigaragaza imiterere myiza irimo gukuraho ubwandu, gufuro, gushonga, gushonga, gutosesha no gukwirakwira.
3.2.1 Surfactants: Inkomoko n'Iterambere
Ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko kongeramo ibintu bimwe na bimwe mu mazi bishobora guhindura ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bwayo, kandi ibintu bitandukanye bigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku bushyuhe bw'ubuso bw'amazi.
Ku bijyanye n'imiterere yo kugabanya umuvuduko w'ubuso, ubushobozi bwo kugabanya umuvuduko w'ubuso bw'ikintu gishongesha busobanurwa nk'ibikorwa byo hejuru, naho ibintu bifite imikorere yo hejuru byitwa ibintu bikora ku buso. Ibintu bishobora guhindura cyane imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibisubizo iyo byongewemo mu rugero ruto byitwa surfactants.
Surfactant ni ikintu, iyo cyongewe mu kintu gito, gishobora kugabanya cyane ubushyuhe bw'isoko y'isoko no guhindura imiterere y'urusobe rw'isoko. Ibi bitera urukurikirane rw'imirimo nko kunywesha cyangwa gukuramo amazi, emulsification cyangwa demulsification, dispersion cyangwa flocculation, furo cyangwa defoaming, gushonga, moisturizing, sterilization, softening, wirinda amazi, antistatic properties no kurwanya ingese, kugira ngo ihuze n'ibikenewe mu buryo bufatika.
Imiti ikoze mu isabune yagaragaye bwa mbere mu Misiri ya kera ahagana mu 2500 mbere ya Yesu, aho Abanyegiputa ba kera bakoraga ibikoresho byo gusukura mu mvange y'amavuta y'intama n'ivu ry'ibimera. Ahagana mu 70 nyuma ya Yesu, Pliny wo mu Bwami bw'Abaroma yashyizeho isabune ya mbere y'amavuta y'intama. Isabune ntiyakunzwe cyane kugeza mu 1791, ubwo umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umufaransa Nicolas Leblanc yavumburaga uburyo bwo gukora soda ikaze binyuze mu amashanyarazi ya sodium chloride. Umusaruro w'icyiciro cya kabiri cy'iterambere rya surfactant ni Amavuta atukura ya Turukiya, azwi kandi nka Sulfonated Castor Oil. Akorwa hakoreshejwe amavuta atukura avanze na aside sulfuriki ku bushyuhe buke, hagakurikiraho kuyagabanya hakoreshejwe sodium hydroxide. Amavuta atukura ya Turukiya afite imbaraga zidasanzwe zo gukurura, gusohora amazi, gutose no gukwirakwira, kandi arusha isabune imbaraga zo kurwanya amazi akomeye, aside n'umunyu w'icyuma.
3.2.2 Imiterere y'ibikorwa byo hejuru
Imiterere yihariye y’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku miterere yabyo yihariye ya molekile. Ibinyabutabire bikunze kuba ari molekile zigororotse zirimo amatsinda y’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mazi n’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mazi n’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mazi n’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mazi n’ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mazi.
Amatsinda arwanya amazi afite imiterere itandukanye nko mu minyururu igororotse, iminyururu ifite amashami n'imiterere y'uruziga. Iminyururu ikunze kugaragara cyane ni iminyururu ya hydrocarbon irimo alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes na hydrocarbons zinuka, aho umubare munini wa atome ya karuboni uri hagati ya 8 na 20. Andi matsinda arwanya amazi arimo alcool zirimo ibinure, alkylphenols, n'amatsinda atome arimo fluorine, silicon n'ibindi bintu. Amatsinda arwanya amazi ashyirwa mu byiciro bibiri: anionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic na non-ionic. Ionic surfactants zishobora kwiyatsa mu mazi kugira ngo zitware umuriro w'amashanyarazi, mu gihe inon surfactants zitari ionic zidashobora kwiyatsa mu mazi ariko zifite polarity no gushonga mu mazi.
3.2.3 Imiti isanzwe itera ingaruka mbi
Imiti ikoreshwa cyane mu buzima bwa buri munsi bw'abantu, ariko nta gushidikanya ko ari imiti ikoreshwa mu bintu bya shimi. Ibintu byinshi by'ibanze bya shimi bifite uburozi n'imyanda. Nta gushidikanya ko byangiza ibidukikije; iyo bikozwe n'abantu, bishobora kwangiza uruhu, ndetse bimwe na bimwe bikaba bifite uburozi bukomeye n'uburozi, bigatera kwangirika gukomeye ku mubiri w'umuntu. Ibi bikurikira bigaragaza imiti myinshi ikoreshwa mu bintu byangiza:
A. APEO
APEO ni ubwoko busanzwe bwa surfactant idafite ionic, igizwe n'igice cya alkyl n'igice cya ethoxy. Guhindura uburebure bw'uruhererekane rwa karuboni rw'igice cya alkyl n'ingano zitandukanye z'inyongera z'igice cya ethoxy bivamo ubwoko bwinshi bwa APEO buriho bufite itandukaniro rikomeye mu mikorere hagati y'ubwoko butandukanye. Mu gikorwa cyo gukora APEO, umusaruro w'ingenzi ntutera kanseri, ariko ibikomoka kuri yo birangiza uruhu n'amaso, ndetse bimwe bishobora no gutera kanseri mu bihe bikomeye. Nubwo itangiza ibinyabuzima mu buryo butaziguye, APEO itera ibyago byo kubangamira ibidukikije. Ibyo bintu by'imiti byinjira mu mubiri w'umuntu binyuze mu nzira zitandukanye, bigira ingaruka nk'iza estrogen, bikabangamira ikorwa ry'imisemburo isanzwe mu muntu, kandi bikagabanya umubare w'intanga ngabo z'abagabo. Ntabwo ari bibi gusa ku bantu; raporo zigaragaza ko ibikoresho byayo bya NPEO binangiza cyane amafi.
B. PFOS
PFOS, yitwa Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, ni ijambo rusange risobanura ubwoko bw'ibintu bitera fluorine. Ifite ingaruka zo kongera ibidukikije. Bitewe n'imiterere yayo yihariye y'umubiri n'imiti, PFOS iragoye cyane kwangiza kandi ifatwa nk'imwe mu bintu bitera ubwivumbure. Iyo imaze kwinjira mu nyamaswa no mu mubiri w'umuntu binyuze mu ruhererekane rw'ibiribwa, yirundanya cyane kandi ikabangamira cyane ubuzima bw'ibinyabuzima.
C. LAS
LAS ni umwanda ukomeye w’ibinyabuzima utera ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije. Ishobora guhindura imiterere y’ubutaka n’iy’ibinyabutabire, nko guhindura ingano ya pH y’ubutaka n’amazi, bityo ikabuza ibimera gukura. Byongeye kandi, iyo binjira mu mazi, LAS ishobora guhuzwa n’indi myanda ihumanya ikirere ikarema uduce duto twa colloidal kandi ikagaragaza uburozi ku binyabuzima bito byo hejuru n’ibinyabuzima byo hasi.
D. Ibikoresho bya Fluorocarbon Surfactants
PFOA na PFOS ni byo bintu bibiri by’ingenzi bisanzwe bitera fluorocarbon surfactants. Ubushakashatsi bw’ingenzi bwagaragaje ko ibyo bintu bifite uburozi bwinshi, bitera ihumana ry’ibidukikije rihoraho, kandi byirundanya cyane mu binyabuzima. Kubera iyo mpamvu, byashyizwe ku rutonde rw’ibintu bihumanya ibidukikije bihoraho (POPs) n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye mu 2009.
4 Ibyuma bishya n'ibyatsi bibisi
A. Surfactants zishingiye kuri aside amine
Ibintu bikozwe muri aside amine bigizwe ahanini n’ibikoresho fatizo bya biomass bifite amasoko menshi. Bigira uburozi buke n’ingaruka mbi nke, imiterere yoroheje, uburyaryate buke ku binyabuzima, kandi bibora neza. Dukurikije imiterere y’amatsinda akunda gushyuha nyuma yo gushyirwa mu mazi, bishobora kandi gushyirwa mu byiciro bine: cationic, anionic, non-ionic na amphoteric. Ubwoko busanzwe burimo ubwoko bwa aside amine ya N-alkyl, ubwoko bwa aside amine ester na aside amine ya N-acyl.
B. Indabyo zikora Enzyme y'inanasi
Intungamubiri zikora ku bimera bya enzyme y'inanasi zikorwa binyuze mu gukaraba imbuto za camellia n'amavuta asigaye nyuma yo gukuramo amavuta, igishishwa cy'inanasi, hamwe n'ifu y'umusemburo, pectinase n'utundi dukoko. Nubwo imiterere ya molekile y'ibintu bikora itarasobanuka neza, amakuru y'igerageza agaragaza ko zigira ubushobozi bwo gukaraba neza.
C. SAA
SAA ni ikomoka ku mavuta ya palme. Nk'umusaruro ukozwe mu bimera bishobora kongera gukoreshwa, yakuruye abantu benshi. Uburyo bwo kuyikora ni bwiza ku bidukikije. Byongeye kandi, mu mazi akomeye afite calcium nyinshi na magnesium iyoni, ituma umunyu wa calcium ugabanuka cyane kurusha surfactants zisanzwe zikoreshwa nka LAS na AS, bivuze ko itanga ubuziranenge butangaje mu bikorwa byayo.
5 Icyizere cyo guteza imbere isukari
Ku isoko ry’isabune ku isi, ibihugu bitandukanye mu iterambere n’ibyo bigamije, nyamara icyerekezo rusange cy’ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho by’isabune kiracyari gihamye. Uburyo ibintu bisukura amazi byiyongera n’uburyo amazi asukura amazi byahindutse ibintu bikunze kugaragara, mu gihe kubungabunga amazi, umutekano, kuzigama ingufu, ubunyamwuga, kubungabunga ibidukikije n’imikorere myinshi byagaragaye nk’icyerekezo gikunzwe cyane mu iterambere. Ibisabune, ibikoresho by’ingenzi by’isabune, birimo guhinduka bikagera ku buryo bworoshye, gukora imvange no guhuza ibidukikije. Gutegura imisemburo, ifite ubushobozi bwo gukora neza, umwihariko no kubungabunga ibidukikije, byabaye ahantu hakomeye mu bushakashatsi mu iterambere ry’isabune. Muri rusange, icyerekezo cy’iterambere ry’inganda zisukura amazi kivugwa muri ubu buryo bukurikira:
Gutandukanya, kwibanda ku bintu bitandukanye no kugabanya ibice by'ibicuruzwa bisukura. Ibikoresho bisukura bishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bw'ibikomeye, ifu, amazi n'ubwoko bwa gel hakurikijwe imiterere; ubwoko bw'ibice byinshi n'ubwoko busanzwe hakurikijwe ingano y'ibikoreshwa; n'ibyiciro bitandukanye hakurikijwe ipaki, ibara n'impumuro.
Isabune y'amazi izaba icyiciro cy'ibicuruzwa byiza cyane. Ugereranyije n'isabune zikomeye, isabune y'amazi ikora neza mu koza mu bushyuhe buke, ifite imiterere y'ifuru yoroshye kandi ikora mu buryo bworoshye. Ikenera kandi ishoramari rike ry'ibikoresho kandi ikoresha ingufu nke mu gihe cyo kuyitunganya.
Ingano y’ibicuruzwa by’isabune ikomeza kwiyongera. Kuva mu 2009, isabune ikomeye yahindutse mu byiciro bitatu by’ingenzi: ifu yo kumesa irimo amazi menshi, imashini zo kumesa imyenda nyinshi n’isabune y’amazi menshi. Isabune ikomeye ifite ibyiza bidasanzwe ugereranyije n’ibicuruzwa gakondo, harimo ibikomoka ku bintu byinshi bikora, ibikoresho bikomeye byo gusukura no kubungabunga ingufu. Byongeye kandi, izigama ibikoresho byo gupfunyika, zigabanya ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu kandi zigafata umwanya muto wo kubika ibintu bitewe n’uburyo byakoreshejwe.
Icyerekezo cy’umutekano w’abantu. Uko imibereho yabo irushaho kuba myiza, abantu ntibakigenzura gusa isuku bakoresheje uburyo ikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibara. Umutekano w’abantu, kudahumanya no kudatera umujinya mwinshi byabaye ingingo z’ingenzi mu guhitamo isuku.
Iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa bibungabunga ibidukikije. Gutera ubushyuhe mu mubiri biterwa n’isabune irimo fosifore n’ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije ziterwa n’ibintu bihumanya ibidukikije byakuruye impungenge rusange. Kubera ibisabwa mu bijyanye n’ubutabire bw’icyatsi, guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo bya sabune bigenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro bijya ku buryo butangiza ibidukikije kandi butangiza ibidukikije.
Gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi. Gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara mu iterambere ry’ibicuruzwa bitandukanye, kandi ibintu by’ingenzi bikenerwa buri munsi byabaye ibisanzwe mu buzima. Mu gihe kizaza, amasabune azahuza gukuraho ibara n’imirimo nko gusukura, kwica udukoko no gusibanganya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-15-2026