Isepha yezitya kunye neeSurfactants

1.Intshayelelo

Ngophuhliso lweshishini leekhemikhali, imigangatho yokuphila yabantu iye yaphucuka rhoqo. Nangona ubomi buphuculwe kakhulu, bukwabangele neengxaki ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo, kwanokubeka impilo nokhuseleko lwabantu emngciphekweni. Njengoko iimfuno zabantu zempilo ziqhubeka zisanda, ukhuseleko lweemveliso zeekhemikhali luxhaphakile kubomi bemihla ngemihla luye lwatsala ingqalelo yoluntu ngokubanzi. Iisepha zokucoca, njengezinto zeekhemikhali ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla nakwimveliso yemizi-mveliso, ziye zatsala inkxalabo enkulu yoluntu malunga nokhuseleko lwazo.

Ukhuseleko lweemveliso zeekhemikhali lukhe lwawela kwingxaki yokuthenjwa. Le meko ivela kwelinye icala ngenxa yokuxhomekeka kakhulu kwimveliso yesepha kwizinto ezisetyenziswa njengezinto zokwenza izinto zemveli, kwaye kwelinye icala ngenxa yokungabikho kolwazi olusemgangathweni kuluntu malunga neenkqubo zemveliso yeekhemikhali.

Ngokuchasene nale meko, ekhokelwa yingcamango ephambili yekhemistri eluhlaza — “ukunciphisa nokuphelisa ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo kwindawo ekuyo” — olu phononongo luyila kwaye luphuhlise ezintshaisepha yokuthambisaIifomyula. Ayinabungozi kokusingqongileyoizinto ezibangela ukudumbakunye neekhemikhali ezikwaziyo ukuthintela iintsholongwane emanzini ziyasetyenziswa kule ndlela yokuthambisa.

2.Imeko yoPhuhliso lwangoku lweIisepha zokucoca

Ukususela oko uluntu lwangena kuluntu oluphucukileyo, imisebenzi yokuhlamba ibisoloko iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobomi bomntu. Kwiminyaka emalunga nama-5,000 eyadlulayo, abantu baqala ukuqokelela izinto zendalo ezilungele ukuhlamba ezifana neziqhamo ze-honeylocust zaseTshayina kunye nezinto ze-alkaline kumlotha wezityalo ukuze zihlanjwe. Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amathathu kamva, ii-surfactants zenziwa ngabantu. Kwiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu eyadlulayo, kwaveliswa isepha. Ukususela ngoko, isepha eyenziwe ngamafutha, i-alkali, ityuwa, iziqholo kunye nemibala iye yaba sisicoci sendabuko. Isicoci sokuqala esenziwe ngokwenziwa, i-alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, savela ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala. Saphuhliswa yi-BASF yaseJamani ngo-1917 saza saqaliswa ngokusesikweni ngo-1925. Ukusasazwa kwezicoci zokwenziwa kwenzeka emva kokuba i-sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate kunye ne-tetrapropylene alkyl benzene zifunyenwe kwaye zaqaliswa ngokusesikweni kwimveliso phakathi ko-1935 no-1939.

3.Izithako ezisebenzayo kunye nendlela yokusebenzaIisepha zokucoca

3.1UkuhlambaUmgaqo

Ukuhlamba ngokubanzi kubhekisa kwinkqubo yokususa ukungcola kumphezulu wesixhobo sokuthwala. Ngexesha lokuhlamba, isenzo sesepha senza buthathaka okanye siphelise ukusebenzisana phakathi kokungcola kunye nesithwali, siguqula imeko yokubopha kokungcola kunye nesithwali ibe yimeko yokubopha kokungcola kunye nesithwali. Ekugqibeleni, ukungcola kuyahlukaniswa nesithwali ngokuhlanjwa nangezinye iindlela. Inkqubo esisiseko yesenzo sokuhlamba ingabonakaliswa ngolu lwalamano lulula lulandelayo:

Umthwali·Ukungcola + Isepha → Umthwali + Ukungcola·Isepha

Ukunamathela kokungcola kwizinto kwahlulwe ngokudibanisa ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nokunamathela ngamakhemikhali. Ukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kuquka ukunamathela ngoomatshini kunye nokunamathela ngombane.

Ukunamathela kweekhemikhali ikakhulu kubhekisa ekunamatheleni okufumaneka ngeebhondi zeekhemikhali. Umzekelo, amabala eeproteni kunye nomhlwa onamathele kwizinto zefayibha zezokubambeka kweekhemikhali. Ekubeni amandla okunxibelelana kweekhemikhali olu hlobo lokunamathela ngokubanzi enamandla, ukungcola kudityaniswe ngokuqinileyo nesiseko kwaye kunzima kakhulu ukukususa, kufuna iindlela zonyango ezikhethekileyo.

Amandla onxibelelwano phakathi kokungcola okufakwe kukunamathela ngokwasemzimbeni kunye nesiseko abuthathaka, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukukususa xa kuthelekiswa nokunamathela kwamakhemikhali. Ukungcola okunamathele ngoomatshini kulula ukukususa; kunzima ukukususa kuphela xa amasuntswana okungcola emancinci (<0.1 μm). Ukunamathela ngombane kubonakala njengonxibelelwano phakathi kwamasuntswana okungcola atshajiweyo kunye neetshaja ezichaseneyo. La mandla anamandla kunamandla oomatshini, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukususa ukungcola kube nzima.

Inkqubo yokuhlamba ukungcola ngokubanzi ithathwa njengequka la manqanaba alandelayo:

A. Ukufunxa: Ii-surfactants kwiisepha zifunxa kwicala eliphakathi kokungcola kunye nesithwali.

B. Ukumanzisa kunye nokuNgena: Ngenxa yokufunxwa kwezixhobo zokucoca ubuso, isepha inokungena phakathi kokungcola kunye nesixhobo sokuthwala, imanzise isixhobo sokuthwala, kwaye inciphise amandla okunamathelana phakathi kokungcola kunye nesixhobo sokuthwala.

C. Ukusasazeka Nokuzinziswa Kokungcola: Ukungcola okususwe kumphezulu wokuthwala kuyasasazeka, kuxutywe okanye kunyibilike kwisisombululo sesepha, kuqinisekisa ukuba ukungcola okususiweyo akuyi kuphinda kunamathele kumphezulu ocociweyo.

3.1.1 Iintlobo zomhlaba

Umhlaba ubhekisa kwizinto ezinamafutha ezinamathela kwiimpahla kunye nezincamathelisi zezinto ezinjalo ezinamafutha, ezinomxube ontsonkothileyo kakhulu. Ngokusekelwe kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, unokwahlulwahlulwa ube ngumhlaba oqinileyo, umhlaba omanzi kunye nomhlaba okhethekileyo.

Umhlaba oqinileyo oqhelekileyo uquka umhlwa, uthuli, amasuntswana amnyama ekhabhoni nezinye izinto ezinjalo. Imiphezulu yezi zinto idla ngokuba neentlawulo ezimbi, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zinamathele kwiindawo ezingaphantsi komhlaba. Uninzi lwemihlaba eqinileyo ayinyibiliki emanzini, kodwa inokusasazwa lula kwizisombululo zamanzi ezineesepha; amasuntswana amakhulu aqinileyo kulula ukuwasusa. Uninzi lwemihlaba engamanzi inyibilika kwioyile kwaye inokufakwa kwi-saponification ngezisombululo ze-alkaline, nto leyo echaza isizathu sokuba uninzi lwesepha luyi-alkaline. Umhlaba okhethekileyo ubhekisa kakhulu kumabala aqinileyo afana namabala egazi, ityuwa yezityalo kunye nokukhupha kwabantu. Olu hlobo lomhlaba lususwa kakhulu ngama-bleach, njengoko ipropathi enamandla yokuxovula ama-bleach inokutshabalalisa amaqela awo e-chromophoric.

3.2 Izithako ezisebenzayo kwiiseti zokuhlamba

Izinto ezibangela ukungcola, ezaziwa ngokuba zizinto ezisebenza kumphezulu, zezona zinto ziphambili ezisebenzayo kwiisepha. Zinyibilika ngokukhawuleza emanzini kwaye zibonisa iimpawu ezintle eziquka ukucoca, ukufutha, ukunyibilikisa, ukuxuba, ukumanzisa kunye nokusasazwa.

3.2.1 Ii-Surfactants: Imvelaphi kunye noPhuhliso

Uvavanyo lubonise ukuba ukongeza izinto ezithile emanzini kunokutshintsha uxinzelelo lomphezulu wawo, kwaye izinto ezahlukeneyo zinemiphumo eyahlukeneyo kuxinzelelo lomphezulu wamanzi.

Ngokuphathelele ipropati yokunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu, amandla okunciphisa uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-solvent achazwa njengomsebenzi womphezulu, kwaye izinto ezinomsebenzi womphezulu zibizwa ngokuba zizinto ezisebenzayo kumphezulu. Izinto ezinokutshintsha kakhulu imeko yokudibana kwenkqubo yesisombululo xa zongezwa ngobuninzi zibizwa ngokuba zi-surfactants.

I-surfactant yinto ethi, xa ifakwa kwi-solvent kwidosi encinci, inciphise kakhulu uxinzelelo lomphezulu we-solvent kwaye itshintshe imeko ye-interfacial yenkqubo. Oku kubangela uthotho lwemisebenzi efana nokumanzisa okanye ukususa ulwelo, i-emulsification okanye i-demulsification, i-dispersion okanye i-flocculation, i-foam okanye i-defoaming, i-solubilization, i-moisturizing, i-sterilization, i-softening, i-water repellency, i-antistatic property kunye ne-corrosion resistance, ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza ezisebenzayo.

Ii-surfactants ezenziwe ngesepha zaqala ukubonakala eYiputa yamandulo malunga nowama-2500 BC, apho amaYiputa amandulo ayesenza iimveliso zokucoca ngomxube wamafutha egusha kunye nothuthu lwezityalo. Malunga nowama-70 AD, uPliny woBukhosi baseRoma wenza isepha yokuqala yamafutha egusha. Isepha ayizange ithandwe kakhulu de kwaba ngu-1791, xa isazi semichiza saseFransi uNicolas Leblanc wafumanisa indlela yokuvelisa i-caustic soda nge-electrolysis ye-sodium chloride. Imveliso yesigaba sesibini sophuhliso lwe-surfactant yiTurkey Red Oil, ekwaziwa ngokuba yiSulfonated Castor Oil. Yenziwa ngokuphendula i-castor oil ene-sulfuric acid exineneyo kubushushu obuphantsi, ilandelwa yi-neutralization nge-sodium hydroxide. ITurkey Red Oil inamandla amangalisayo okuxuba, ukuvuleka, ukumanzisa kunye nokusasazeka, kwaye iphumelela kakhulu kunesepha ekuchaseni amanzi aqinileyo, i-asidi kunye neetyuwa zesinyithi.

3.2.2 Ulwakhiwo Lomsebenzi Womphezulu

Iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-surfactants zivela kwisakhiwo sazo esikhethekileyo se-molecular. Ii-surfactants zihlala ziyi-linear molecules eziqulathe amaqela e-hydrophilic polar kunye namaqela e-lipophilic non-polar hydrophobic.

Amaqela e-hydrophobic anezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ezifana neetsheyini ezithe tye, iitsheyini ezinamasebe kunye nezakhiwo ezijikelezayo. Ezona zixhaphakileyo ziitsheyini ze-hydrocarbon eziquka ii-alkanes, ii-alkenes, ii-cycloalkanes kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandi, uninzi lwamanani e-athomu yekhabhoni aqala kwi-8 ukuya kwi-20. Amanye amaqela e-hydrophobic aquka ii-fatty alcohols, ii-alkylphenols, kunye namaqela e-atomic aqulethe i-fluorine, i-silicon kunye nezinye izinto. Amaqela e-hydrophilic ahlulwe ngokweentlobo ze-anionic, i-cationic, i-amphoteric ionic kunye ne-non-ionic. Ii-surfactants ze-Ionic zinoku-ionisa emanzini ukuze zithwale iitshaja zombane, ngelixa ii-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic zingenaku-ionisa emanzini kodwa zine-polarity kunye nokunyibilika kwamanzi.

3.2.3 Ii-Surfactants Eziyingozi Eziqhelekileyo

Ii-surfactants zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu, kodwa azinakuphikiswa ukuba zizinto zeekhemikhali. Izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswa kwi-surfactants zinobuthi obuthile kunye neempawu zongcoliseko. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, zibangela umonakalo kwindalo esingqongileyo; xa zidibene nabantu, zinokucaphukisa ulusu, kwaye ezinye zide zibe nobuthi obunamandla kunye nokubola, nto leyo ebangela umonakalo omkhulu emzimbeni womntu. Oku kulandelayo kwazisa ii-surfactants ezininzi eziyingozi:

A. I-APEO

I-APEO luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwe-surfactant engeyiyo ionic, eyenziwe yi-alkyl moiety kunye ne-ethoxy moiety. Ukutshintshatshintsha ubude be-carbon chain yenxalenye ye-alkyl kunye nobuninzi obahlukeneyo bokongeza inxalenye ye-ethoxy kubangela iintlobo ezininzi ezikhoyo ze-APEO kunye nomahluko obalulekileyo wokusebenza phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-APEO, imveliso ephambili ayisiyo-carcinogenic, kodwa iimveliso zayo ziyakonakalisa ulusu namehlo, kwaye ezinye zinokubangela umhlaza kwiimeko ezinzima. Nangona ingazilimazi ngokuthe ngqo izinto eziphilayo, i-APEO ibeka umngcipheko we-hormone yokusingqongileyo. Ezi zinto zeekhemikhali zingena emzimbeni womntu ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, zineziphumo ezifana ne-estrogen, ziphazamise ukukhutshwa kwe-hormone eqhelekileyo yomntu, kwaye zinciphise ngakumbi inani lesidoda samadoda. Ayisiyongozi ebantwini kuphela; iingxelo zibonisa ukuba izinto zayo zokwenziwa ze-NPEO zibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwiintlanzi.

B. I-PFOS

I-PFOS, ebizwa ngokupheleleyo ngokuba yi-Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, ligama eliqhelekileyo lodidi lwee-surfactants ezifakwe i-perfluorinated. Inefuthe lokukhulisa okusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhethekileyo zomzimba nezekhemikhali, i-PFOS kunzima kakhulu ukuyitshabalalisa kwaye ithathwa njengenye yezona zinto zivuselelayo. Emva kokungena kwizilwanyana nasemzimbeni womntu ngekhonkco lokutya, iqokelelana ngobuninzi kwaye isongela kakhulu impilo yebhayoloji.

C. LAS

I-LAS sisingcolisi esikhulu sendalo esibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ingatshintsha iipropati zomzimba nezekhemikhali zomhlaba, njengokutshintsha ixabiso le-pH yomhlaba kunye nomxholo wamanzi, ngaloo ndlela ithintele ukukhula kwezityalo. Ukongeza, xa ingena emanzini, i-LAS inokudibana nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ukuze zenze amasuntswana e-colloidal asasazekileyo kwaye ibonise ubuthi kwizinto eziphilayo ezincinci eziphezulu kunye nezinto eziphilayo ezisezantsi.

D. Ii-Fluorocarbon Surfactants

I-PFOA kunye ne-PFOS zezona zinto zimbini ziphambili ze-fluorocarbon surfactants. Izifundo ezifanelekileyo zibonise ukuba ezi zinto zinetyhefu ephezulu, zibangela ungcoliseko oluqhubekayo lokusingqongileyo, kwaye ziqokelelana kakhulu kwizinto eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, zadweliswa njenge-Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) yiZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-2009.

Ii-Surfactants ezi-4 eziluhlaza nezintsha

A. Ii-Surfactants ezisekelwe kwi-Amino Acid

Ii-surfactants ezisekelwe kwi-amino acid zenziwe kakhulu ngezinto eziluhlaza ze-biomass ezinemithombo emininzi. Zine-toxic ephantsi kunye neziphumo ebezingalindelekanga, iipropati ezincinci, ukucaphuka okuncinci kwizinto eziphilayo, kunye nokubola okugqwesileyo kwe-bio. Ngokweempawu zetshaja zamaqela e-hydrophilic emva kwe-ionization emanzini, zinokuhlulwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezine: i-cationic, i-anionic, i-non-ionic kunye ne-amphoteric. Iindidi eziqhelekileyo ziquka uhlobo lwe-N-alkyl amino acid, uhlobo lwe-amino acid ester kunye nohlobo lwe-N-acyl amino acid.

B. Ii-Surfactants zePineapple Enzyme

Ii-surfactants ze-enzyme yephayinaphu ziveliswa ngokubilisa umgubo wembewu ye-camellia kunye nekhekhe yeoyile eseleyo emva kokutsalwa kweoyile, ixolo lephayinaphu, kunye nomgubo wemvubelo, i-pectinase kunye nezinye iintsholongwane. Nangona ulwakhiwo lwemolekyuli lwezithako zazo ezisebenzayo lungacacanga, idatha yovavanyo ingqina ukuba zisebenza kakuhle ekuhlambeni.

C. SAA

I-SAA yimveliso evela kwioyile yesundu. Njengemveliso eyenziwe ngezinto ezivuselelwayo zezityalo, itsale ingqalelo enkulu. Inkqubo yayo yokuvelisa inobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ngaphezu koko, emanzini aqinileyo anomxholo ophezulu we-calcium kunye ne-magnesium ion, ikhupha ityuwa ye-calcium kancinci kakhulu kune-surfactants ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ezifana ne-LAS kunye ne-AS, oko kuthetha ukuba inika ucoceko olubalaseleyo kwizicelo ezisebenzayo.

5 Ithemba loPhuhliso lweZitya zokucoca

Kuyo yonke imakethi yezesepha kwihlabathi liphela, amazwe ahlukile kwizinto eziphambili zophuhliso kunye neendlela ezisetyenziswayo, kodwa indlela yophando ngokubanzi yeemveliso zezesepha ihlala ifana. Uxinzelelo kunye nokunyibilika kwezithambisi kuye kwaba ziindlela eziqhelekileyo, ngelixa ulondolozo lwamanzi, ukhuseleko, ukonga amandla, ubuchule, ububele kwindalo kunye nemisebenzi emininzi ziye zavela njengeendlela zophuhliso ezidumileyo. Ii-surfactants, izinto eziphambili zezesepha, ziyaguquka zibe buthambile, ukwenziwa kweekhompawundi kunye nokuhambelana nokusingqongileyo. Ukulungiswa kwee-enzyme, ngokusebenza kakuhle, ukucacisa kunye nobuhlobo kwindalo, kuye kwaba yindawo ephambili yophando kuphuhliso lwezesepha. Ngokubanzi, iindlela zophuhliso lweshishini lezesepha zishwankathelwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Ukwahlukahluka, ubuchwephesha kunye nokwahlulahlula iimveliso zesepha. Iisepha zingahlulwa zibe ziintlobo eziqinileyo, umgubo, ulwelo kunye nejeli ngokwemo; uhlobo oluxineneyo kunye nohlobo oluqhelekileyo ngokwesixa esisebenzayo; kunye neendidi ezahlukeneyo ngokupakishwa, umbala kunye nevumba elimnandi.

Iisepha zolwelo ziya kuba lolona didi lwemveliso luthembisayo. Xa kuthelekiswa neesepha eziqinileyo, iisepha zolwelo zisebenza ngcono ekuhlanjweni okushushu okuphantsi, zinoyilo lwefomula oluguquguqukayo ngakumbi kunye neenkqubo zemveliso ezilula. Zikwafuna utyalo-mali oluncinci lwezixhobo kwaye zisebenzisa amandla amancinci ngexesha lemveliso.

Uxinzelelo oluqhubekayo lweemveliso zesepha. Ukusukela ngo-2009, izicoci ezixineneyo ziye zavela kwiindidi ezintathu eziphambili: i-washing powder exineneyo, ii-washing pods ezixineneyo kunye ne-liquid detergent ezixineneyo. Izicoci ezixineneyo zinezibonelelo eziphawulekayo kuneemveliso zemveli, kubandakanya umxholo ophezulu wezinto ezisebenzayo, ukucoca okunamandla kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla. Ukongeza, zigcina izinto zokupakisha, zinciphisa iindleko zokuhamba kwaye zithatha indawo encinci yokugcina impahla ngenxa yefomyula yazo exineneyo.

Indlela abantu abajonga ngayo ukhuseleko lwabo. Ngokuphucuka kwemigangatho yokuphila, abantu abasavavanyi nje kuphela izicoci ngokususa amabala. Ukhuseleko lwabantu, ukungabi natyhefu kunye nokungacaphukisi kancinci kuye kwaba ziindlela ezibalulekileyo zokukhetha izicoci.

Uphuhliso lwemveliso enobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo. Ukwanda kwe-eutrophication okubangelwa ziisepha ezine-phosphorus kunye nemiphumo emibi kwindalo ebangelwa zii-bleaching agents kuye kwabangela inkxalabo enkulu kuluntu. Ukuphendula kwiimfuno zekhemistri eluhlaza, ukukhethwa kwezinto eziluhlaza zeesepha kuya kutshintshela kancinci kancinci kwiindlela ezinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo nezithambileyo.

Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezininzi. Ukwenziwa kwezinto ezininzi yindlela eqhelekileyo yophuhliso kwiimveliso ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, kwaye izinto eziyimfuneko zemihla ngemihla ezisetyenziselwa izinto ezininzi ziye zaqheleka ebomini. Kwixesha elizayo, izicoci ziya kudibanisa ukususwa kwamabala nemisebenzi efana nokubulala iintsholongwane, ukubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokutyhefa.