Sopo Wothira M'mbale ndi Zotsukira M'madzi

1.Chiyambi

Ndi chitukuko cha makampani opanga mankhwala, miyoyo ya anthu yakhala ikusintha nthawi zonse. Ngakhale kuti moyo wakula kwambiri, izi zayambitsanso mavuto aakulu azachilengedwe, zomwe zaika pachiwopsezo thanzi la anthu ndi chitetezo chawo pachiwopsezo. Pamene zofuna za anthu pa thanzi zikuchulukirachulukira, chitetezo cha mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala chikuchulukirachulukira m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Zotsukira, monga mankhwala opangidwa ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso kupanga mafakitale, zakopa nkhawa yayikulu kwa anthu pa chitetezo chawo.

Chitetezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo chakhala chikuvuta kwambiri. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kudalira kwambiri kupanga sopo pa zinthu zakale, komanso chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso cha akatswiri pa njira zopangira mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Potengera izi, motsogozedwa ndi lingaliro lalikulu la chemistry yobiriwira — "kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe komwe kumachokera" — kafukufukuyu akupanga ndikupanga zatsopanosopo wothira madzimankhwala. Osawononga chilengedwezinthu zopangira ma surfactantsndi mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira iyi yotsukira.

2.Mkhalidwe wa Chitukuko Chamakono chaZotsukira

Kuyambira pamene anthu anayamba kutchuka, ntchito zotsuka zakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu. Zaka pafupifupi 5,000 zapitazo, anthu anayamba kusonkhanitsa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zingathandize kutsuka monga zipatso za uchi wa ku China ndi zinthu zina zamchere mu phulusa la zomera kuti azitsuka. Patatha zaka mazana atatu, anthu anayamba kupanga zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu. Zaka zoposa zana zapitazo, sopo inapangidwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, sopo wopangidwa ndi mafuta, alkali, mchere, zonunkhira ndi utoto wakhala sopo wachikhalidwe. Sopo woyamba wopangidwa ndi anthu, alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, unayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse Yoyamba. Unapangidwa ndi BASF ya ku Germany mu 1917 ndipo unayamba kupangidwa mwalamulo mu 1925. Kufalikira kwa sopo zopangidwa kunachitika pambuyo poti sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate ndi tetrapropylene alkyl benzene zinapezeka ndipo zinayamba kupangidwa mwalamulo pakati pa 1935 ndi 1939.

3.Zosakaniza Zogwira Mtima ndi Njira Yogwirira Ntchito yaZotsukira

3.1KusambaMfundo yaikulu

Kusamba m'lingaliro lalikulu kumatanthauza njira yochotsera dothi pamwamba pa chonyamulira. Pakutsuka, ntchito ya sopo imafooketsa kapena kuthetsa kuyanjana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira, kusintha mkhalidwe womangirira wa dothi ndi chonyamulira kukhala mkhalidwe womangirira wa dothi ndi chonyamulira. Pomaliza pake, dothi limalekanitsidwa ndi chonyamulira kudzera mu kutsuka ndi njira zina. Njira yoyambira yotsuka ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi ubale wosavuta uwu:

Chonyamulira·Dothi + Chotsukira → Chonyamulira + Dothi·Chotsukira

Kugwirizana kwa dothi ndi zinthu kumagawidwa m'magulu awiri: kugwirizana kwa thupi ndi kugwirizana kwa mankhwala. Kuphatikiza kwa thupi kumaphatikizaponso kugwirizana kwa makina ndi kugwirizana kwamagetsi.

Kumatirira kwa mankhwala makamaka kumatanthauza kumatira komwe kumachitika kudzera mu zomangira za mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, madontho a mapuloteni ndi dzimbiri zomwe zimamatirira kuzinthu za ulusi ndi za kumatira kwa mankhwala. Popeza mphamvu yolumikizirana ya mankhwala yamtunduwu nthawi zambiri imakhala yamphamvu, dothi limaphatikizidwa bwino ndi gawo lapansi ndipo ndi lovuta kwambiri kuchotsa, zomwe zimafuna njira zapadera zochizira.

Mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa dothi lolumikizidwa ndi kumatira kwenikweni ndi gawo lapansi ndi yofooka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuchotsa poyerekeza ndi kumatira kwa mankhwala. Dothi lolumikizidwa ndi makina ndi losavuta kuchotsa; zimakhala zovuta kuchotsa pokhapokha tinthu ta dothi tikakhala tating'ono (<0.1 μm). Kulumikizana kwa electrostatic kumawonekera ngati kuyanjana pakati pa tinthu ta dothi lodzazidwa ndi ma charge otsutsana. Mphamvu iyi ndi yamphamvu kuposa mphamvu ya makina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchotsa dothi kukhale kovuta.

Kutsuka dothi nthawi zambiri kumaonedwa kuti kumaphatikizapo magawo otsatirawa:

A. Kusakaniza: Mankhwala oyeretsera omwe ali mu sopo amalowetsedwa mbali imodzi pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira.

B. Kunyowetsa ndi Kulowa: Chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa ma surfactants m'njira zosiyanasiyana, sopo amatha kulowa pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira, kunyowetsa chonyamulira, ndikuchepetsa mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa dothi ndi chonyamulira.

C. Kubalalitsa ndi Kukhazikitsa Dothi: Dothi lochotsedwa pamwamba pa chonyamuliracho limamwazikana, kusungunuka kapena kusungunuka mu yankho la sopo, kuonetsetsa kuti dothi lochotsedwalo silidzagwirizananso ndi pamwamba poyeretsedwa.

3.1.1 Mitundu ya Dothi

Dothi limatanthauza zinthu zamafuta zomwe zimamatira ku zonyamulira komanso zomatira za zinthu zamafuta zotere, zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri. Kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zimatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: nthaka yolimba, nthaka yamadzimadzi ndi nthaka yapadera.

Dothi lolimba lodziwika bwino limaphatikizapo dzimbiri, fumbi, tinthu takuda ta kaboni ndi zina zotero. Pamwamba pa zinthuzi nthawi zambiri pamakhala mphamvu zoyipa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zomamatira ku zinthu zina. Dothi lolimba lochuluka silisungunuka m'madzi, komabe limatha kufalikira mosavuta m'madzi okhala ndi sopo; tinthu tamphamvu tomwe timakhala tolimba kwambiri ndi tosavuta kuchotsa. Dothi lodziwika bwino lamadzimadzi limasungunuka m'mafuta ndipo limatha kusinthidwa ndi saponification ndi yankho la alkaline, zomwe zimafotokoza chifukwa chake sopo wambiri ndi wa alkaline. Dothi lapadera makamaka limatanthauza madontho olimba monga madontho a magazi, madzi a zomera ndi madzi otuluka m'thupi la munthu. Dothi lamtunduwu limachotsedwa makamaka ndi ma bleach, chifukwa mphamvu yamphamvu yopangira ma bleach imatha kuwononga magulu awo a chromophoric.

3.2 Zosakaniza Zogwira Ntchito mu Zotsukira Madzi

Ma surfactants, omwe amadziwikanso kuti zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamwamba, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu sopo. Amasungunuka mwachangu m'madzi ndipo amakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri kuphatikizapo kuchotsa poizoni, kutulutsa thovu, kusungunuka, kusakaniza, kunyowetsa ndi kufalikira.

3.2.1 Zopangira Ma Surfactants: Chiyambi ndi Kukula

Kufufuza kwasonyeza kuti kuwonjezera zinthu zina m'madzi kungathe kusintha mphamvu ya pamwamba pake, ndipo zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhudza mphamvu ya pamwamba pa madzi.

Ponena za mphamvu ya kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba, kuthekera kochepetsa kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pa chosungunulira kumatanthauzidwa ngati ntchito ya pamwamba, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamwamba zimatchedwa zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito pamwamba. Zinthu zomwe zingasinthe kwambiri momwe dongosolo la yankho limagwirira ntchito zikawonjezedwa pang'ono zimatchedwa ma surfactants.

Chosakaniza ndi chinthu chomwe, chikawonjezeredwa ku chosungunulira pang'ono, chimachepetsa kwambiri kupsinjika kwa pamwamba pa chosungunulira ndikusintha momwe dongosololi lilili. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ntchito zingapo monga kunyowetsa kapena kuchotsa madzi, kusakaniza kapena kuchotsa madzi m'thupi, kufalikira kapena kusuntha, kutulutsa thovu kapena kuchotsa madzi m'thupi, kusungunula, kunyowetsa, kuyeretsa, kufewetsa, kuletsa madzi, kukana dzimbiri komanso kukana dzimbiri, kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito.

Zopangira sopo zopangidwa ndi sopo zinayamba kuonekera ku Egypt wakale cha m'ma 2500 BC, komwe Aigupto akale ankapanga zinthu zotsukira kuchokera ku mafuta a nkhosa ndi phulusa la zomera. Cha m'ma 70 AD, Pliny wa Ufumu wa Roma adapanga sopo woyamba wa nkhosa. Sopo sinatchulidwe kwambiri mpaka mu 1791, pomwe katswiri wa sayansi ya zasayansi wa ku France Nicolas Leblanc adapeza njira yopangira caustic soda pogwiritsa ntchito electrolysis ya sodium chloride. Chopangidwa cha gawo lachiwiri la chitukuko cha surfactant ndi Turkey Red Oil, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Sulfonated Castor Oil. Imapangidwa pophatikiza mafuta a castor ndi sulfuric acid yokhazikika pa kutentha kochepa, kutsatiridwa ndi sodium hydroxide. Turkey Red Oil ili ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yopangira emulsifying, permeability, wettability, ndi diffusibility, ndipo imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa sopo polimbana ndi madzi olimba, acid ndi mchere wachitsulo.

3.2.2 Kapangidwe ka Ntchito Yokhudza Malo

Makhalidwe apadera a ma surfactants amachokera ku kapangidwe kawo kapadera ka ma molekyulu. Ma surfactants nthawi zambiri amakhala mamolekyu olunjika omwe ali ndi magulu a polar a hydrophilic ndi magulu a lipophilic non-polar hydrophobic.

Magulu a Hydrophobic ali ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana monga maunyolo owongoka, maunyolo ozungulira nthambi ndi mapangidwe ozungulira. Odziwika kwambiri ndi maunyolo a hydrocarbon kuphatikizapo alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes ndi aromatic hydrocarbons, ndipo ma atomu ambiri a carbon amakhala kuyambira 8 mpaka 20. Magulu ena a hydrophobic ndi mafuta a alcohols, alkylphenols, ndi magulu a atomu okhala ndi fluorine, silicon ndi zinthu zina. Magulu a Hydrophilic amagawidwa m'magulu a anionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic ndi non-ionic. Ionic surfactants amatha kuyimitsidwa m'madzi kuti anyamule magetsi, pomwe non-ionic surfactants sangathe kuyimitsidwa m'madzi koma ali ndi polarity ndi madzi osungunuka.

3.2.3 Mankhwala Oopsa Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakupopera Madzi

Mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma surfactants amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu, koma mosakayikira ndi mankhwala. Zipangizo zambiri zopangira ma surfactants zili ndi poizoni ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe. Mosakayikira, zimayambitsa kuwononga chilengedwe; zikakhudzana ndi munthu, zimatha kukwiyitsa khungu, ndipo zina zimakhala ndi poizoni wamphamvu komanso kuwonongeka, zomwe zimawononga thupi la munthu kwambiri. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa ma surfactants angapo owopsa:

A. APEO

APEO ndi mtundu wamba wa mankhwala opangidwa ndi alkyl ndi ethoxy. Kusinthasintha kwa unyolo wa kaboni wa gawo la alkyl ndi kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa gawo la ethoxy kumabweretsa mitundu yambiri ya APEO yomwe ilipo ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa magwiridwe antchito pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mu njira yopangira APEO, chinthu chachikulu sichimayambitsa khansa, koma zinthu zake zimawononga khungu ndi maso, ndipo zina zimatha kuyambitsa khansa m'milandu yoopsa. Ngakhale sichimavulaza mwachindunji zamoyo, APEO imabweretsa chiopsezo cha mahomoni m'chilengedwe. Mankhwala otere amalowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, amakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi za estrogen, amasokoneza kutulutsa kwa mahomoni mwachibadwa kwa anthu, komanso amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa umuna wamwamuna. Sikuti ndi wovulaza anthu okha; malipoti akusonyeza kuti zinthu zake zopangidwa ndi NPEO zimayambitsanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nsomba.

B. PFOS

PFOS, yotchedwa Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, ndi dzina lofala la gulu la ma surfactants omwe ali ndi perfluorine. Ili ndi mphamvu yowonjezera chilengedwe. Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zapadera zakuthupi ndi zamakemikolo, PFOS ndi yovuta kwambiri kuiwononga ndipo imaonedwa ngati imodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimaletsa kwambiri kukalamba. Ikalowa m'thupi la nyama ndi la munthu kudzera mu unyolo wa chakudya, imasonkhana mochuluka ndipo imawopseza kwambiri thanzi la zamoyo.

C. LAS

LAS ndi chinthu chachikulu choipitsa chilengedwe chomwe chimayambitsa kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Chingasinthe mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka nthaka, monga kusintha pH ya nthaka ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi, motero kuletsa kukula kwa zomera. Kuphatikiza apo, ikalowa m'madzi, LAS imatha kuphatikizana ndi zinthu zina zoipitsa kuti ipange tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta colloidal ndipo imasonyeza poizoni kwa zamoyo zazing'ono zapamwamba ndi zamoyo zochepa.

D. Zopangira Fluorocarbon

PFOA ndi PFOS ndi zinthu ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zimapanga fluorocarbon surfactants. Kafukufuku wofunikira wasonyeza kuti mankhwala oterewa ali ndi poizoni wambiri, amayambitsa kuipitsa chilengedwe kosalekeza, ndipo amasonkhana kwambiri m'zamoyo. Chifukwa chake, adalembedwa ngati Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) ndi United Nations mu 2009.

4 Zodzoladzola Zobiriwira ndi Zatsopano

A. Ma Surfactants Ochokera ku Amino Acid

Ma surfactants ochokera ku amino acid amapangidwa makamaka ndi zinthu zopangira biomass zomwe zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri. Amakhala ndi poizoni wochepa komanso zotsatirapo zake, amakhala ndi makhalidwe ochepa, sakwiya kwambiri ndi zamoyo, komanso sawonongeka bwino. Malinga ndi makhalidwe a mphamvu ya magulu a hydrophilic pambuyo pa ionization m'madzi, amathanso kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: cationic, anionic, non-ionic ndi amphoteric. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi monga mtundu wa N-alkyl amino acid, mtundu wa amino acid ester ndi mtundu wa N-acyl amino acid.

B. Mankhwala Opangira Enzyme ya Chinanazi

Ma surfactants a chinanazi amapangidwa poyambitsa ufa wa mbewu za camellia ndi keke yamafuta yomwe imatsala pambuyo pochotsa mafuta, peel ya chinanazi, pamodzi ndi ufa wa yisiti, pectinase ndi tizilombo tina. Ngakhale kuti kapangidwe ka mamolekyu a zosakaniza zawo sikunadziwike bwino, deta yoyesera imatsimikizira kuti ali ndi ntchito yabwino yotsuka.

C. SAA

SAA ndi mafuta ochokera ku kanjedza. Popeza ndi chinthu chopangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zongowonjezedwanso, chakopa chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Njira yake yopangira ndi yotetezeka ku chilengedwe. Komanso, m'madzi olimba okhala ndi calcium yambiri ndi magnesium ion, imatulutsa mchere wa calcium pang'onopang'ono kuposa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri monga LAS ndi AS, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imapereka mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito.

5 Chiyembekezo cha Kupanga Detergent

Msika wonse wa sopo padziko lonse lapansi, mayiko amasiyana pakukula ndi momwe zinthu zikuyendera, komabe njira yofufuzira zinthu zotsukira ikusintha. Kuchuluka ndi kusungunuka kwa zotsukira kwakhala njira yodziwika bwino, pomwe kusunga madzi, chitetezo, kusunga mphamvu, ukatswiri, kusamalira chilengedwe komanso magwiridwe antchito ambiri kwakhala njira zodziwika bwino zochizira. Zotsukira, zomwe ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa sopo, zikusintha kukhala zofewa, kupanga zinthu zophatikizika komanso kugwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Kukonzekera kwa ma enzyme, komwe kumadziwika bwino kwambiri, kodziwika bwino komanso kogwirizana ndi chilengedwe, kwakhala malo ofufuzira kwambiri pakukula kwa sopo. Ponseponse, njira zochizira za makampani otsukira zafotokozedwa motere:

Kusiyanitsa, kusiyanitsa, ndi kugawa zinthu zotsukira. Zotsukira zitha kugawidwa m'magulu olimba, ufa, madzi ndi gel malinga ndi mawonekedwe; mtundu wokhuthala ndi mtundu wamba malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza; ndi magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi kulongedza, mtundu ndi fungo.

Zotsukira zamadzimadzi zidzakhala gulu la zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi zotsukira zolimba, zotsukira zamadzimadzi zimagwira ntchito bwino potsuka m'malo otentha kwambiri, zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kake kosinthasintha komanso njira zosavuta zopangira. Zimafunikanso ndalama zochepa zogulira zida ndipo zimadya mphamvu zochepa popanga.

Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zotsukira m'madzi pang'onopang'ono. Kuyambira mu 2009, zotsukira m'madzi zasanduka magulu atatu akuluakulu: ufa wotsukira m'madzi wokhuthala, ma pod otsukira zovala okhuthala komanso sopo wamadzimadzi wokhuthala. Zotsukira m'madzi zokhuthala zili ndi ubwino waukulu kuposa zinthu zachikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zogwira ntchito, chotsukira champhamvu komanso kusunga mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, zimasunga zinthu zomangirira, zimachepetsa ndalama zoyendera komanso zimakhala ndi malo ochepa osungiramo zinthu chifukwa cha njira yawo yokhuthala.

Kuyang'ana chitetezo cha anthu. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa miyezo ya moyo, anthu samangoyang'ananso sopo potengera momwe amachotsera madontho. Chitetezo cha anthu, kusakhala poizoni komanso kusakwiya pang'ono kwakhala njira zofunika kwambiri posankha sopo.

Kupanga zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe. Kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nthaka chifukwa cha sopo wokhala ndi phosphorous komanso zotsatira zoyipa za zinthu zoyeretsa chilengedwe kwachititsa anthu ambiri kuda nkhawa. Poyankha zofunikira za mankhwala obiriwira, kusankha zinthu zopangira sopo pang'onopang'ono kukusintha kukhala zinthu zosawononga chilengedwe komanso zosakhala ndi poizoni.

Kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Kugwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi njira yodziwika bwino yopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za anthu, ndipo zinthu zofunika tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana zakhala zofala m'moyo. M'tsogolomu, sopo wothira mankhwala aziphatikiza kuchotsa madontho ndi ntchito monga kuyeretsa, kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuyeretsa khungu.