Kopa kīʻaha a me nā Surfactants

1.Hoʻolauna

Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana kemika, ua hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia ke kūlana ola o kānaka. ʻOiai ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke ola, ua hoʻoulu pū ia i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiapuni, a ua hoʻoweliweli pū i ke olakino a me ka palekana o kānaka. I ka piʻi ʻana o nā koi olakino o kānaka, ua huki ka palekana o nā huahana kemika i ka nānā nui ʻia o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO nā mea holoi, ma ke ʻano he mau mea kemika i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hana ʻoihana, ua huki nui ʻia ka hopohopo o ka lehulehu no ko lākou palekana.

Ua hāʻule ka palekana o nā huahana kemika i kahi pilikia hilinaʻi. Kū mai kēia kūlana ma kekahi ʻaoʻao mai ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka detergent i nā mea maka kuʻuna, a ma kekahi ʻaoʻao mai ka nele o ka ʻike loea o ka lehulehu e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana hana kemika.

E kūʻē i kēia kua, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka manaʻo nui o ka kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo - "e hōʻemi ana a hoʻopau i ka haumia o ke kaiapuni ma ke kumu" - hoʻolālā kēia haʻawina a hoʻomohala i nā mea houmea holoi lolenā ʻano hana. Pili i ke kaiapuninā mea hoʻoheheʻea me nā mea hana kemika i hiki ke kāohi i nā microorganism i loko o ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o kēia ʻano hana detergent.

2.Ke Kūlana Hoʻomohala o kēia manawaNā mea holoi

Mai ke komo ʻana o ke kanaka i loko o ke kaiāulu kīwila, ua lilo mau nā hana holoi i mea nui loa o ke ola kanaka. Ma kahi o 5,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻomaka nā kānaka e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea holoi kūlohelohe e like me nā hua honeylocust Kina a me nā ʻāpana alkaline i loko o ka lehu mea kanu no nā kumu holoi. ʻEkolu haneli mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hana ʻia nā surfactants e nā kānaka. Ma mua o hoʻokahi kenekulia i hala aku nei, ua hana ʻia ke kopa. Mai ia manawa, ua lilo ke kopa i hana ʻia mai ka momona, ka alkali, ka paʻakai, nā mea ʻala a me nā pigments i mea holoi kuʻuna. ʻO ka mea holoi hana mua, ʻo alkyl naphthalene sulfonate, i puka mai i ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia e ka BASF o Kelemania i ka makahiki 1917 a ua hoʻokomo kūhelu ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka makahiki 1925. Ua hana ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā mea holoi synthetic ma hope o ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka sodium alkyl benzene sulfonate a me ka tetrapropylene alkyl benzene a ua hoʻokuʻu kūhelu ʻia i ka hana ʻana ma waena o 1935 a me 1939.

3.Nā Mea Hoʻohui Kūpono a me ke ʻAno Hana oNā mea holoi

3.1Holoi ʻanaKumumanaʻo

ʻO ka holoi ʻana ma ke ʻano laulā e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo mai ka ʻili o kahi mea lawe. I ka wā e holoi ai, hoʻonāwaliwali ka hana o ka detergent a hoʻopau paha i ka pilina ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe, e hoʻololi ana i ke kūlana pili o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe i ke kūlana pili o ka lepo a me ka detergent. I ka hopena, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka lepo mai ka mea lawe ma o ka holoi ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ke kaʻina hana kumu o ka hana holoi ma o ka pilina maʻalahi penei:

Mea Lawe·Lepo + Mea Holoi → Mea Lawe + Lepo·Mea Holoi

Ua māhele ʻia ka pipili ʻana o ka lepo i nā mea i ka pipili kino a me ka pipili kemika. ʻO ka pipili kino e komo pū me ka pipili mechanical a me ka pipili electrostatic.

ʻO ke kāpili kemika e pili ana i ka kāpili i loaʻa ma o nā pilina kemika. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā ʻōpala protein a me ka popo i hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻāpana fiber e pili ana i ka kāpili kemika. Ma muli o ka ikaika o ka pilina kemika o kēia ʻano kāpili, ua hui paʻa ka lepo me ka substrate a paʻakikī loa ke wehe, e koi ana i nā ʻano hana kūikawā.

ʻO ka ikaika pilina ma waena o ka lepo i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻopili kino a me ke substrate he nāwaliwali iki ia, e maʻalahi ai ka wehe ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻopili kemika. He maʻalahi ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo me ka hoʻopili mechanical; he paʻakikī wale nō ke hoʻopau i ka wā e liʻiliʻi ai nā ʻāpana lepo (<0.1 μm). Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻopili electrostatic ma ke ʻano he pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana lepo i hoʻopiʻi ʻia a me nā uku kū'ē. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o kēia ikaika ma mua o ka ikaika mechanical, e hopena ana i ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo paʻakikī.

ʻO ke kaʻina hana holoi o ka wehe ʻana i ka lepo ma ke ʻano laulā e manaʻo ʻia e komo pū me kēia mau pae:

A. Adsorption: Hoʻopili ʻia nā Surfactants i loko o nā detergents ma ka ʻaoʻao ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe.

B. Ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana a me ke komo ʻana: Ma muli o ka adsorption kuhikuhi interfacial o nā surfactants, hiki i ka detergent ke komo ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe, hoʻomaʻū i ka mea lawe, a hoʻemi i ka ikaika hoʻopili ma waena o ka lepo a me ka mea lawe.

C. Ka Hoʻopuehu ʻana a me ka Paʻa ʻana o ka Lepo: Hoʻopuehu ʻia ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai ka ʻili lawe, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia paha i loko o ka hopena detergent, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻaʻole e hoʻopili hou ʻia ka lepo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka ʻili i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia.

3.1.1 Nā ʻAno Lepo

ʻO ka lepo e pili ana i nā mea momona e pili ana i nā mea lawe a me nā mea hoʻopili o ia mau mea momona, me kahi ʻano paʻakikī loa. Ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka lepo paʻa, ka lepo wai a me ka lepo kūikawā.

ʻO nā lepo paʻa maʻamau e komo pū me ka ʻōpala, ka lepo, nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻeleʻele a me nā mea like. ʻO nā ʻili o kēia mau mea he mau uku maikaʻi ʻole, e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea maʻalahi e pili i nā substrates. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lepo paʻa particulate he wai ʻole ia e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, akā hiki ke hoʻopuehu maʻalahi ʻia i loko o nā hopena wai e loaʻa ana nā detergents; ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻāpana paʻa nui. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā lepo wai maʻamau he aila-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a hiki ke hana i ka saponification me nā hopena alkaline, ʻo ia ke kumu he alkaline ka hapa nui o nā detergents. ʻO nā lepo kūikawā e pili nui ana i nā ʻōpala paʻakikī e like me nā ʻōpala koko, ka wai o nā mea kanu a me nā mea huna kanaka. Hoʻopau nui ʻia kēia ʻano lepo e nā bleaches, no ka mea, hiki i ka waiwai oxidizing ikaika o nā bleaches ke luku i kā lākou mau hui chromophoric.

3.2 Nā Mea Hana i loko o nā Detergents

ʻO nā Surfactants, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau mea hana-ʻili, nā ʻāpana hana nui i loko o nā detergents. Hoʻoheheʻe koke lākou i ka wai a hōʻike i nā waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ka decontamination, foaming, solubilization, emulsification, wetting a me ka dispersion.

3.2.1 Nā Surfactants: Kumu a me ka Hoʻomohala ʻana

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua e hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau mea i ka wai ke hoʻololi i kona ʻilikai, a hoʻopuka nā mea like ʻole i nā hopena like ʻole ma luna o ka ʻilikai o ka wai.

Ma ke ʻano o ka waiwai o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻilikai, ua wehewehe ʻia ka hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka ʻilikai o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻo ia ka hana ʻilikai, a ua kapa ʻia nā mea me ka hana ʻilikai he mau mea hana ʻilikai. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻololi nui i ke kūlana interfacial o kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonā ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ua kapa ʻia ʻo surfactants.

ʻO ka surfactant kahi mea, i ka wā e hoʻohui ʻia ai i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe ma kahi liʻiliʻi, hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻololi i ke kūlana interfacial o ka ʻōnaehana. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi moʻo o nā hana e like me ka hoʻomaʻū ʻana a i ʻole ka dewetting, emulsification a i ʻole demulsification, dispersion a i ʻole flocculation, foaming a i ʻole defoaming, solubilization, moisturizing, sterilization, softening, water repellency, antistatic property a me corrosion resistance, e hoʻokō i nā koi noi hana.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ke kopa ma ʻAigupita kahiko ma kahi o 2500 BC, kahi i hana ai ʻo ʻAigupita kahiko i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai ka hui ʻana o ka momona hipa a me ka lehu o nā mea kanu. Ma kahi o 70 AD, ua hana ʻo Pliny o ka Emepaea Roma i ka ʻāpana kopa momona hipa mua. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ka kaulana o ke kopa a hiki i ka makahiki 1791, i ka wā i ʻike ai ke kemika Farani ʻo Nicolas Leblanc i ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka soda caustic ma o ka electrolysis o ka sodium chloride. ʻO kahi huahana o ka lua o ka pae o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka surfactant ʻo Turkey Red Oil, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo Sulfonated Castor Oil. Hoʻohui ʻia ia ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻaila castor me ka waikawa sulfuric i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa, a ukali ʻia e ka neutralization me ka sodium hydroxide. He mana emulsifying koʻikoʻi ko Turkey Red Oil, permeability, wettability a me diffusibility, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kopa i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka wai paʻakikī, ka waikawa a me nā paʻakai metala.

3.2.2 ʻAno o ka Hana ʻIli

ʻO nā ʻano kūikawā o nā surfactants mai ko lākou ʻano molekala kūikawā. ʻO nā Surfactants ma ke ʻano laulā he mau molekala linear i loaʻa nā hui polar hydrophilic a me nā hui hydrophobic non-polar lipophilic.

Loaʻa i nā hui hydrophobic nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā kaulahao pololei, nā kaulahao lālā a me nā ʻano cyclic. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ia nā kaulahao hydrocarbon e komo pū ana me nā alkanes, alkenes, cycloalkanes a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic, me ka hapa nui o nā helu atom carbon mai 8 a 20. ʻO nā hui hydrophobic ʻē aʻe e komo pū ana me nā fatty alcohols, alkylphenols, a me nā hui atomic i loaʻa ka fluorine, silicon a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hui hydrophilic i nā ʻano anionic, cationic, amphoteric ionic a me nā ʻano non-ionic. Hiki i nā surfactants Ionic ke ionize i loko o ka wai e lawe i nā uku uila, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki i nā surfactants non-ionic ke ionize i loko o ka wai akā loaʻa iā lākou ka polarity a me ka solubility wai.

3.2.3 Nā Surfactants ʻino maʻamau

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā Surfactants i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā o ke kanaka, akā naʻe, he mau mea kemika lākou. He nui nā mea maka no nā surfactants i loaʻa kekahi mau waiwai ʻawahia a me ka haumia. ʻOiaʻiʻo, hōʻeha lākou i ke kaiapuni; i ka wā e pili ai ke kanaka, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻili, a ʻo kekahi he ʻawahia ikaika a me ka corrosiveness, e hōʻeha nui ana i ke kino o ke kanaka. Eia kekahi mau surfactants ʻino maʻamau:

A. APEO

ʻO APEO kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka surfactant non-ionic, i haku ʻia me kahi ʻāpana alkyl a me kahi ʻāpana ethoxy. ʻO ka loli ʻana o nā lōʻihi kaulahao kalapona o ka ʻāpana alkyl a me nā nui hoʻohui like ʻole o ka ʻāpana ethoxy e hopena i nā ʻano he nui o APEO me nā ʻokoʻa hana koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā ʻano like ʻole. I ke kaʻina hana synthesis o APEO, ʻaʻole carcinogenic ka huahana nui, akā ʻo kāna mau huahana ʻaoʻao he mea ʻino i ka ʻili a me nā maka, a hiki i kekahi ke hana i ka maʻi kanesa i nā hihia koʻikoʻi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ia e hōʻeha pololei i nā meaola, hoʻopilikia ka APEO i ka hormone kaiapuni. Komo kēlā mau mea kemika i ke kino kanaka ma o nā ala like ʻole, hoʻopuka i nā hopena estrogen-like, hoʻopilikia i ka huna ʻana o ka hormone kanaka maʻamau, a hoʻemi hou i ka helu sperm kāne. ʻAʻole ia he mea ʻino wale nō i nā kānaka; hōʻike nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana kāna mea maka synthetic NPEO i ka hōʻino nui i ka iʻa.

B. PFOS

ʻO PFOS, i kapa piha ʻia ʻo Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, he huaʻōlelo maʻamau ia no kahi papa o nā surfactants perfluorinated. Loaʻa iā ia ka hopena hoʻonui kaiapuni. Ma muli o kona mau waiwai kino a me ke kemika kūikawā, he paʻakikī loa ka hoʻohaumia ʻana o PFOS a ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea paʻakikī loa. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i nā holoholona a me ke kino kanaka ma o ke kaulahao meaʻai, hōʻiliʻili ia i nā nui he nui a hoʻoweliweli nui i ke olakino olaola.

C. LAS

He mea haumia nui ʻo LAS e hōʻino nui ai i ke kaiapuni. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o ka lepo, e like me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waiwai pH o ka lepo a me ka nui o ka wai, a laila e kāohi ana i ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. Eia kekahi, i ke komo ʻana i nā kino wai, hiki i ka LAS ke hui pū me nā mea haumia ʻē aʻe e hana i nā ʻāpana colloidal i hoʻopuehu ʻia a hōʻike i ka ʻawaʻawa i nā meaola ʻōpio kiʻekiʻe a me nā meaola haʻahaʻa.

D. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe fluorocarbon

ʻO PFOA a me PFOS nā mea hoʻoheheʻe fluorocarbon kuʻuna nui ʻelua. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina pili he kiʻekiʻe ka ʻawahia o ia mau hui, hoʻoulu i ka haumia mau o ke kaiapuni, a hōʻiliʻili nui i loko o nā meaola. No laila, ua helu ʻia lākou he mau Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) e ka United Nations i ka makahiki 2009.

4 Nā Surfactants ʻŌmaʻomaʻo a me nā ʻAno Hou

A. Nā Surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waikawa Amino

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waikawa amino i hana nui ʻia me nā mea maka biomass me nā kumu he nui. Loaʻa iā lākou nā hopena ʻawahia haʻahaʻa a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao, nā waiwai palupalu, ka huhū haʻahaʻa i nā meaola, a me ka biodegradability maikaʻi loa. Wahi a nā waiwai hoʻouka o nā hui hydrophilic ma hope o ka ionization i ka wai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ʻehā mau māhele: cationic, anionic, non-ionic a me amphoteric. ʻO nā ʻano maʻamau e komo pū me ke ʻano N-alkyl amino acid, ke ʻano amino acid ester a me ke ʻano N-acyl amino acid.

B. Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe enzyme paina

Hoʻopuka ʻia nā surfactants enzyme paina ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka palaoa hua camellia a me ka keke ʻaila i waiho ʻia ma hope o ka unuhi ʻaila, ka ʻili paina, me ka pauka hū, ka pectinase a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maopopo ka ʻano molekala o kā lākou mau mea hana, hōʻike nā ʻikepili hoʻokolohua he hana holoi maikaʻi ko lākou.

C. SAA

He huahana i loaʻa mai ka ʻaila pama ʻo SAA. Ma ke ʻano he huahana i hana ʻia mai nā mea kanu maka hou, ua huki ʻia ka manaʻo nui. He launa kaiapuni kāna kaʻina hana. Eia kekahi, i loko o ka wai paʻakikī me ka nui o ka calcium a me ka magnesium ion, hoʻopuka mālie ia i nā paʻakai calcium ma mua o nā surfactants i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me LAS a me AS, ʻo ia hoʻi, hāʻawi ia i ka detergent maikaʻi loa i nā noi hana.

5 Manaʻolana o ka Hoʻomohala ʻana i ka Detergent

Ma ka mākeke detergent honua, ʻokoʻa nā ʻāina i nā mea nui a me nā ʻano hoʻomohala, akā naʻe, ua kūlike ke kuhikuhi noiʻi maʻamau no nā huahana detergent. Ua lilo ka nui a me ka liquefaction o nā detergents i mau ʻano nui, ʻoiai ua puka mai ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ka palekana, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ka ʻoihana, ka launa pū ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me nā hana he nui ma ke ʻano he mau kuhikuhi hoʻomohala kaulana. Ke ulu nei nā Surfactants, nā mea maka nui o nā detergents, i ka akahai, ka hoʻohuihui hui a me ka kūlike i ke kaiapuni. ʻO nā hoʻomākaukau enzyme, e haʻaheo ana i ka pono kiʻekiʻe, ke kikoʻī a me ka launa pū ʻana me ke kaiapuni, ua lilo i wahi noiʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka detergent. Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻano hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana detergent penei:

Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ka hana kūikawā a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā huahana detergent. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā detergent i nā ʻano paʻa, pauka, wai a me ka gel ma ke ʻano; ʻano i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me ke ʻano maʻamau ma ka nui o nā mea hana; a me nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka ʻōpala, ke kala a me ke ʻala.

E lilo nā mea holoi wai i ka māhele huahana hoʻohiki nui loa. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea holoi paʻa, hana maikaʻi nā mea holoi wai i ka holoi ʻana i ka mahana haʻahaʻa, loaʻa iā lākou kahi hoʻolālā formula maʻalahi a me nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi. Pono lākou i ka hoʻopukapuka lako liʻiliʻi a hoʻopau i ka ikehu liʻiliʻi i ka wā o ka hana ʻana.

Ka hoʻonui holomua ʻana o nā huahana detergent. Mai ka makahiki 2009, ua ulu nā detergents i hoʻohuihui ʻia i ʻekolu mau māhele nui: ka pauka holoi i hoʻohuihui ʻia, nā pods holoi lole i hoʻohuihui ʻia a me ka detergent wai i hoʻohuihui ʻia. Loaʻa i nā detergents i hoʻohuihui ʻia nā pono kupaianaha ma mua o nā huahana kuʻuna, me ka nui o ka mea hana nui, ka detergent ikaika a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Eia kekahi, mālama lākou i nā mea hoʻopili, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai halihali a noho i kahi waihona liʻiliʻi ma muli o kā lākou ʻano i hoʻohuihui ʻia.

Ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka palekana kanaka. Me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ke kūlana ola, ʻaʻole loiloi wale ka poʻe i nā mea holoi ma o ka hana wehe ʻana i nā ʻila. ʻO ka palekana kanaka, ka ʻawaʻawa ʻole a me ka ʻoluʻolu ʻole o ka hoʻonāukiuki ua lilo i mau kūlana koʻikoʻi no ke koho ʻana i ka mea holoi.

Hoʻomohala huahana aloha kaiapuni. ʻO ka eutrophication i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā detergents i loaʻa ka phosphorus a me nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o nā mea hoʻokeʻokeʻo i ke kaiapuni ua huki i ka hopohopo nui o ka lehulehu. I ka pane ʻana i nā koi o ka kemika ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ke neʻe mālie nei ke koho ʻana o nā mea maka no nā detergents i nā koho aloha kaiapuni a me nā koho akahai.

Hana like ʻole. ʻO ka hana like ʻole kahi ʻano hoʻomohala maʻamau no nā huahana pilikanaka like ʻole, a ua lilo nā mea pono o kēlā me kēia lā he nui i mea maʻamau i ke ola. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e hoʻohui nā mea holoi i ka wehe ʻana i nā ʻōpala me nā hana e like me ka sterilization, disinfection a me ka bleaching.