Cov qauv ntawmcov tshuaj surfactantsyog qhov yooj yim heev: ib kawg yog hydrophilic (dej-hlub) thiab lwm yam lipophilic (roj)-hlub). Txhua qhov kawg khi rau nws cov khoom sib xws, dej thiab roj. Cov surfactant molecules sib sau ua ke ntawm cov roj-dej sib txuas, thiab qhov ntawd tsim cov teeb tsa yooj yim. Emulsification tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm surfactants, tsis tau nws yog qhov dav tshaj plaws-siv ua haujlwm hauv peb txoj kev lag luam. Nws feem ntau yog siv rau kev sib tov dej-cov roj uas muaj nyob hauv, xws li cov roj emulsified thiab dej-muaj hluav taws-cov kua hydraulic uas tiv taus. Qhov tseeb, txawm li cas los xij, cov emulsifiers pom cov ntawv thov dav heev hauv txhua hnub-cov khoom siv hauv lub neej suav nrog mis nyuj, dej khov-tshuaj pleev thiab tshuaj zawv plaub hau, txhua yam uas muaj cov emulsifiers rau ntau qib.
Vim yog qhov yooj yim molecular architecture, ntau yam tshuaj muaj cov khoom emulsifying, uas ua rau kev xaiv emulsifier sib txawv heev. Nws tuaj yeem hais tias yog tsis muaj kev nkag siab zoo txog emulsifiers, ib tug neeg tsis tshua muaj peev xwm tsim cov dej tsim nyog.-Cov khoom siv roj nplua nyeem. Nws yog ib qho kev paub dav dav tias roj thiab dej tsis sib xyaw. Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj emulsifiers yuav tsum tau coj lawv ua ke. Hauv qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no, ib theem yuav hloov mus ua cov kua dej me me thaum lwm cov kua npog tag nrho cov kua dej no. Qhov no ua rau muaj cov tswv yim ntawm theem txuas ntxiv thiab theem tawg: ib theem raug rhuav tshem ua cov kua dej tsis sib xws thiab lwm qhov tsim cov khoom nruab nrab txuas ntxiv tsis tu ncua. Macroscopically, qhov no tsim cov dej-in-roj (W/O) los yog roj-in-dej (O/W) emulsions. Qhov ntawd npog cov ntsiab cai tseem ceeb ntawm emulsifiers.
Thaum ibtshuaj emulsifieryog muab tso rau hauv cov roj uas tsis sib xyaw tau-Cov txheej txheem dej, cov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm kev sib xyaw tau tsim los sib tov ob theem. Qhov no tsis yog qhov tseeb yaj hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm ntsev yaj hauv dej. Hloov chaw, ib theem yog sib xyaw ua ke ua cov tee dej me me hauv lwm theem. Yog tias cov xwm txheej sab nraud hloov pauv, roj thiab dej yuav sib cais dua, qhia txog kev ua emulsification tsis zoo lossis tsis txaus emulsion stability. Qee cov additives tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov roj.-dej sib npaug thiab ua rau muaj kev sib cais tag nrho; cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm tawm tsam cov emulsifiers thiab hu ua demulsifiers.
Ib qho emulsion yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub kaw lus dispersion. Vim yog dispersed-cov tee dej theem thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntsuas refractive ntawm cov theem, lub teeb pom kev raug cuam tshuam, tawg thiab kis tau ntawm cov nplaim tee dej. Qhov loj me ntawm cov tee dej emulsion feem ntau yog txij li 0.1μm txog 10μm, thaum pom tseeb-lub teeb wavelengths poob ntawm 0.4μm thiab 0.6μm. Muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev, ua rau cov emulsions lawv cov yam ntxwv zoo li mis nyuj-tsos dawb. Thaum cov tee dej loj li ntawm 0.05μm txog 0.1μm (me dua li pom me ntsis-lub teeb wavelengths), lub teeb tawg tshwm sim thiab lub kaw lus zoo li pob tshab. Ntawm qhov loj me ntawm cov tee dej hauv qab 0.05μm (me dua li qhov pom tseeb-lub teeb wavelengths), lub teeb kis tau zoo tshaj plaws thiab lub kaw lus ua pob tshab. Cov kab ke nrog cov tee dej me me hauv qab 0.1μCov uas zoo li pob tshab lossis pob tshab yog txhais tias yog microemulsions, uas lawv cov yam ntxwv txawv ntawm cov macroemulsions ib txwm muaj. Microemulsion tseem yog ib qho emulsion, tsuas yog muaj cov khoom me me dua uas tawg ua tej daim me me.-theem droplets. Nws txoj kev tsim tsis yog tsuas yog xav tau cov emulsifiers xwb tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke-cov emulsifiers. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias emulsification-tsav"kev tshem tawm"qhov tseem ceeb yog los tswj qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom tawg.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov emulsifier nyob ntawm qhov sib npaug zoo. Nws lub peev xwm hydrophilic thiab lipophilic tsim cov nyhuv seesaw. Piv txwv li, qis-Cov cawv carbon ua rau muaj zog hydrophilicity thiab yaj hauv dej nrog kev sib raug zoo roj tsawg. Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov tshuaj lipophilic ntau dhau tsis ua haujlwm nrog dej thiab ua rau pom roj.-tus cwj pwm yaj tau. Txawm hais tias ntau yam khoom muaj ob qho tib si hydrophilic thiab lipophilic moieties, lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug cais ua surfactants. Yog tias ib yam khoom yog hydrophilic lossis lipophilic heev, nws tsuas yog ib qho chaw saum npoo av xwb-cov tshuaj nquag, zoo li qee cov khoom ntxiv uas tau hais los saum toj no. Ib qho ntsuas tau rau hydrophilic-Yog li ntawd, lub zog lipophilic yuav tsum muaj, uas yog qhov zoo-paub Hydrophile-Cov neeg uas nyiam noj zaub mov ntau dhau-Tus nqi ntawm qhov sib npaug (HLB).
Tus nqi HLB muab cov lus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev siv emulsification, nrog rau ntau yam kev siv empirical, uas tau sau tseg hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab yuav tsis piav qhia ntxiv ntawm no. Cov roj emulsifying nrog emulsifiers tsis yog qhov nyuaj intrinsic. Cov hom emulsifier zoo tshaj plaws, cov koob tshuaj thiab cov xwm txheej ruaj khov tuaj yeem txiav txim siab los ntawm kev sim los ntawm kev sim.-thiab-yuam kev. Yog li ntawd, kev tsim cov emulsifier vam khom ntau rau kev sim ua haujlwm. Ntau lub micro-Cov txheej txheem theem ntawm tus cwj pwm surfactant tseem tsis tau piav qhia tag nrho los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog niaj hnub no. Tshaj li emulsification, surfactants xa cov dej ntub, ntxuav, ntxuav, kis, solubilization thiab lwm yam haujlwm. Rau peb txoj kev lag luam, kev tshuaj ntsuam sim yog ib txoj hauv kev ua tau zoo, vim tias kev paub tseeb los ntawm kev xyaum. Muaj ntau txoj cai empirical tau tsim los ntawm kev sim: cov emulsifiers sib xyaw ua ke ua tau zoo dua li cov emulsifiers ib leeg, thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm anionic thiab tsis-Cov ionic surfactants tsim cov teebmeem synergistic zoo.
Txawm hais tias qhov yooj yim ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm emulsifier, kev siv tau ua pov thawj nyuaj. Kev siv emulsifiers ib leeg feem ntau tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev sim, tab sis ntau tom qab ntawd-cov khoom ntxiv muaj qhov chaw-cov khoom nquag. Cov no cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm emulsifier thiab hloov pauv HLB zoo ntawm lub kaw lus. Ib qho piv txwv zoo yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xeb hauv cov emulsions. Cov nto polar heev no-Cov khoom xyaw nquag tau muab tso rau hauv kev tiv thaiv xeb tab sis tej zaum yuav ua rau cov roj tsis ruaj khov.-dej emulsion sib npaug thiab yuav tsum tau suav nrog thaum xaiv emulsifier. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau hom emulsifier tuaj yeem txo cov koob tshuaj thiab tus nqi thaum txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm emulsion. Txawm li cas los xij, cov lus nug txog yuav ua li cas sib xyaw cov emulsifiers sib txawv thiab lawv cov txheej txheem sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev nyuaj ntawm kev tsim cov qauv. Kev nkag siab yuam kev tas li hais tias anionic thiab cationic emulsifiers tsis tuaj yeem sib xyaw. Qhov tseeb, anionic-Cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov tshuaj cationic surfactant tau tshaj tawm dav hauv kev tshawb fawb txog surfactant, txawm hais tias lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob hauv peb lub lag luam. Cov calcium thiab magnesium ions uas muaj nyob hauv dej tawv kuj tseem yuav cuam tshuam cov zaj duab xis emulsion interfacial thiab ua kom cov emulsifiers tsis ua haujlwm. Cov calcium ions yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb: ntau cov surfactant emulsifiers teb nrog calcium los tsim dej.-cov xab npum calcium uas tsis yaj thiab ntws tawm ntawm lub cev. Cov ncauj lus no yuav raug tham hauv tshooj tom ntej.
Yog li ntawd, cov tshuaj emulsifiers uas zoo li yooj yim ua rau nyuaj heev thaum lwm cov khoom xyaw raug ntxiv rau. Kev tsim cov emulsion tiav lawm tsis yog qhov nyuaj; qhov kev sib tw tiag tiag yog kev tswj kom ruaj khov nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev pabcuam, khaws cov roj thiab dej kom sib xyaw ua ke tas mus li.
Cov kev cai ua tau zoo rau cov emulsifiers:
Kev tiv thaiv dej tawv
Qhov parameter no piav qhia txog emulsifier.'s kam rau dej tawv. Cov tshuaj surfactants anionic feem ntau ua tsis tau zoo hauv qhov no, yog li tsis yog-Cov ionic surfactants maj mam hloov lawv. Txawm hais li ntawd los, cov anionic surfactants tseem khaws lawv cov txiaj ntsig tshwj xeeb.
Kev ua npuas ncauj
Muaj ntau cov tshuaj surfactants linear anionic uas ib txwm muaj los tsim cov npuas dej ntau, ua rau muaj kev ntseeg yuam kev tias cov npuas dej ntau dua yog qhov ntxuav tau zoo dua. Cov npuas dej feem ntau yog los ntawm cov surfactants. Hauv peb cov roj nplua nyeem-kev lag luam cuam tshuam, tsawg kawg nkaus foaming yog qhov xav tau yuav luag txhua lub sijhawm. Hmoov tsis zoo, ntau cov emulsifiers qhia txog lub peev xwm foaming siab. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg tsim qauv yuav tsum xaiv cov qib emulsifier tsim nyog los tiv thaiv kev tsim ua npuas ncauj, uas piav qhia txog kev thov nce ntxiv rau li ntawd-hu ua qis-cov tshuaj emulsifiers.
Kev ruaj khov ntawm lub cev
Kev ruaj khov ntawm lub cev yog lwm qhov ntsuas kev ua tau zoo tseem ceeb rau cov emulsifiers. Yog tias cov emulsifier raug kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov kab mob thaum lub sijhawm ntev-siv tau ntev, kev pov tseg cov kua txiav tom qab ntawd yuav ua teeb meem heev.-cov cai tiv thaiv muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev xaiv cov emulsifier thiab tswj hwm tag nrho kev lag luam.
Cov emulsifiers tau muab faib ua anionic, cationic, amphoteric, thiab non--ionic thiab lwm tsev neeg, txhua tus sib raug rau cov tshuaj sib txawv uas paub zoo-cov kws tshwj xeeb hauv chemistry. Cov ntawv no yuav tsis nkag mus rau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm txhua pawg. Hauv peb txoj kev lag luam, anionic thiab non-Cov tshuaj ionic emulsifiers feem ntau yog siv rau ntau yam khoom noj thiab ntau yam khoom sib txawv. Hauv txhua pawg muaj ntau cov qauv molecular nrog cov yam ntxwv emulsifying sib txawv, txhua tus muaj lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog. Lawv feem ntau sib xyaw ua ke kom txo cov koob tshuaj siv thiab txhim kho kev ruaj khov ntawm emulsion.
Tsis muaj txoj cai ruaj khov rau kev tsim cov emulsifier. Cov kev hloov pauv suav nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hauv paus-roj rau-be-Kev siv cov khoom siv emulsified, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom emulsifier, kev pabcuam-Cov xwm txheej ib puag ncig, cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg siv khoom, thiab cov teebmeem sib cuam tshuam los ntawm lwm cov khoom ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim muab cov kev daws teeb meem uas siv tau. Kev sim emulsification yooj yim heev rau kev ua. Txawm tias tsis muaj keeb kwm theoretical, ib tus tuaj yeem tuaj txog ntawm cov qauv ua haujlwm tau los ntawm kev sim ntau zaus, txawm tias tus nqi ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov surfactant cuam tshuam-cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb, uas ua rau kev loj hlob sai dua, zoo heev-tau sau tseg rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas twb muaj lawm thiab txaus rau kev daws teeb meem emulsification uas ntsib hauv peb txoj kev lag luam.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Lub Yim Hli-11-2026