- Menenebarasa mai kitse
Alcohols masu kitse suna da sarƙoƙin carbon na atoms 8 zuwa 22. Alcohols masu kitse galibi suna da adadin atoms na carbon da rukunin hydroxyl da aka haɗa a ƙarshen sarƙar carbon.
Suna ɗaya daga cikin kayan da ake amfani da surfactants a cikin sabulun wanka, tare da dabarar gabaɗaya ta ROH. Ga barasa masu matakin sabulu, R gabaɗaya rukuni ne na hydrocarbon na C12 zuwa C18. Irin waɗannan barasa masu yawan carbon suna da kaddarorin amphiphilic, ma'ana ƙwayoyin su sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic kamar sarƙoƙin hydrocarbon da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic kamar ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl. Duk da haka, saboda ƙarancin narkewarsu a cikin ruwa, yana da mahimmanci a ƙara ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic ko a canza rukunin hydroxyl zuwa rukunin sulfate. Sai lokacin da ƙimar daidaiton hydrophilic-lipophilic ta kai matakin da ake buƙata, don haka asalin barasa mai kitse ya sami isassun ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic don narke a cikin ruwa da kuma samar da tarin abubuwa (micelles, shin asalin barasa mai kitse yana aiki azaman surfactant. Misali, dodecanol ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa, amma lokacin da aka canza shi zuwa sodium dodecyl sulfate, narkewar ruwansa yana inganta saboda gabatar da rukunin sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), yana ba shi damar samar da micelles a cikin ruwa. A wani yanki mai yawa, yana nuna kyakkyawan aikin saman. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan kadara, mutane sun samar da nau'ikan surfactants iri-iri tare da kyakkyawan aiki ta amfani da barasa mai kitse a matsayin kayan masarufi.
2. Tsarin haɓaka barasa mai kitse
An fara samar da barasa mai kitse daga spermaceti. Abubuwan da suka haifar da gaurayen barasa mai kitse, bayan sulfonation da neutralization, sun samar da sulfates, waɗanda suka kasance ɗaya daga cikin sabulun anionic na farko. Daga baya, an ƙirƙiro man kwakwa, man dabino, da kuma tallow na naman sa, waɗanda suke da wadataccen tushe, kuma an yi amfani da su azaman kayan ƙasa. Sai aka rage yawan kitsen da aka samu ta hanyar hydrolysis zuwa barasa, waɗanda aka fi sani da su a matsayin barasa na halitta. Bayan haɓaka masana'antar petrochemical, barasa mai kitse da aka samar ta amfani da samfuran mai a matsayin kayan ƙasa aka san su da barasa mai roba. Hanyoyi masu mahimmanci don samar da barasa mai kitse sun haɗa da hydrogenation mai matsin lamba, tsarin Ziegler, da tsarin haɗa oxo. Idan abin rufe fuska na gashi ya ƙunshi barasa mai kitse mara cika, yana iya gyarawa da ciyar da gashi; ƙara barasa mai kitse a cikin sheƙi na lebe yana ƙara santsi na samfurin yayin amfani.
3. Hanyar samar da barasa mai kitse
3.1Hanyar Haɗakar da Hydrogenation Mai Matsi Mai Girma
Ana samun barasa mai kitse ta hanyar amfani da man dabbobi da kayan lambu a matsayin kayan masarufi. A fannin masana'antu, ana fara yi wa man danye magani kafin a yi masa maganin alcoholization (watau, transesterification) don mayar da shi zuwa fatty acids kafin a yi masa hydrogenation. Haka kuma ana iya samar da barasa mai kitse ta hanyar hydrogenation kai tsaye na fatty acids ko hydrogenation bayan esterification. Hydrogenation kai tsaye na fatty acids don samar da fatty alcohols yana sanya manyan buƙatu ga kayan aiki.
Daidaiton sinadaran da ke tattare da hydrogenation na fatty acids zuwa fatty alcohols:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
Daidaiton sinadaran da ke tattare da hydrogenation na esters na fatty acid zuwa fatty alcohols:
RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH
Hanyar haƙar hydrogenation mai ƙarfi ta haɗa da tsarin gado mai kauri da tsarin gado mai dakatarwa, amma hanyoyin fasaha na asali iri ɗaya ne.
3.2. Hanyar Ziegler
Ta amfani da ethylene a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani don amsawa tare da trialkylaluminum, ana samar da mahaɗan alkoxide na aluminum ta hanyar haɓaka sarkar da oxidation, sannan ana samun barasa mai kitse ta hanyar hydrolysis, neutralization da fractional distillation.
Kamfanin Continental Oil Company na Amurka ne ya ƙirƙiro wannan hanyar a shekarar 1954, kuma kamfanin Continental Oil Company na Amurka ne ya fara amfani da ita a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 1962, inda ya samar da barasa mai kama da carbon. Babban halayen wannan hanyar samarwa sun haɗa da matakai masu zuwa:
Shiri na triethylaluminum (haɗakar hydrogenation da ƙari):
Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Shiri na alkylaluminum (haɓakar girma ta sarka):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Shiri na aluminum alkoxide (haɗarin oxidation):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Shiri na barasa mai kitse (haɗarin hydrolysis):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Hanyar Haɗa Oxo
Ana haɗa Olefins, carbon monoxide da hydrogen zuwa aldehydes a ƙarƙashin yanayin catalyst da matsin lamba. Aldehyde yana da ƙarin ƙwayar carbon guda ɗaya fiye da olefin da ba a sarrafa ba. Ana samun barasa mai kitse ta hanyar hydrogenation na aldehydes.
An gano wannan sinadarin olefin hydroformylation reaction (OXO reaction) ta hannun wani masanin kimiyyar sinadarai na Jamus O. Roelen a shekarar 1938.
Amsar OXO kamar haka:
Haɗakar Hydroformylation
4. Aikace-aikace da Ci gaban Kasuwa na Kayayyakin Barasa Mai Kitse
Alcohols masu kitse na halitta suna aiki a matsayin kayan masarufi na asali don samfuran sinadarai masu kyau kamar sabulun wanke-wanke, masu surfactants da masu yin filastik na filastik. Ana ƙera dubban samfuran sinadarai masu kyau daga gare su, waɗanda ake amfani da su sosai a fannoni kamar masana'antar sinadarai, man fetur, masana'antar ƙarfe, yadi, injina, hakar ma'adinai, gini, robobi, roba, fata, yin takarda, sufuri, abinci, magani da lafiya, masana'antar sinadarai ta yau da kullun da noma.
Ana iya amfani da barasa mai kitse don samar da abubuwa da yawa. Masu amfani da sinadarai masu guba na barasa sune rukuni mafi girma a tsakanin dukkan nau'ikan masu amfani da sinadarai masu guba tun daga shekarun 1980. A matsayin sinadaran sabulun wanki masu aiki, suna da kyawawan halaye waɗanda suka haɗa da sabulun wanki mai ƙarfi, dacewa mai kyau, ƙarancin kumfa, rashin lalacewa a shirye, juriyar ruwa mai ƙarfi da kyakkyawan aikin wankewa a cikin ruwan zafi mai ƙarancin zafi. A hankali suna maye gurbin layin alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) da dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid don zama kayan sabulun wanki na ƙarni na uku. Mafi yawan samfuran da aka wakilta a nan sun haɗa da AEO3 zuwa AEO9 da aka haɗa daga mai mai da ethylene oxide, waɗanda za a iya ƙara sulfonate don samar da AES. Waɗannan surfactants masu guba suna da aikace-aikace iri-iri da babban buƙatar kasuwa, suna da alaƙa da rayuwar yau da kullun da haɓaka ingancin rayuwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi da kasuwanni masu faɗi da yuwuwar. Saboda haka, suna samar da sararin ci gaba mai faɗi don samar da barasa mai kitse, musamman barasa mai kitse na halitta.
Ƙarin robobi kayan taimako ne ga masana'antar robobi, kuma masana'antar ƙarin abubuwa suna haɓaka tare da masana'antar robobi. Ci gaban masana'antar robobi a China ya shahara sosai. A shekarar 1985, yawan amfani da nau'ikan ƙarin abubuwa na robobi daban-daban a duniya ya kai tan miliyan 13, kuma masu ƙara robobi suna cikin waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a fannin ƙarin abubuwa na robobi. A halin yanzu, ƙarfin samar da robobi na ƙasashen waje ya wuce tan miliyan 4.5, yayin da ƙarfin China ya wuce tan 500,000. Daga cikin masu ƙara robobi, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) da dioctyl phthalate (DOP) suna da babban kaso na fitarwa. Baya ga phthalic anhydride, butanol da octanol suma manyan kayan aiki ne a fannin samar da su. A halin yanzu, China tana cinye fiye da tan 300,000 na butanol da octanol kowace shekara don samar da waɗannan robobi guda biyu. Duk da haka, butanol da octanol suna da gajerun sarƙoƙin carbon, kuma masu yin robobi da aka samar daga gare su ba za su iya biyan buƙatun ci gaban masana'antar sarrafa robobi ba dangane da juriyar zafi, juriyar yanayi da kuma kariya daga wutar lantarki. A halin yanzu, ana gwada barasa mai dogon sarƙoƙi kamar C10, C12, C14, C16 da C18 don maye gurbin butanol da octanol, waɗanda za su iya samar da samfuran robobi masu juriyar zafi, juriyar yanayi da kuma kariya daga wutar lantarki, don haka faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen robobi. Saboda haka, yuwuwar amfani da barasa mai dogon sarƙoƙi a masana'antar robobi mai robobi yana da matuƙar kyau.
Alcohols na halitta masu kitse suna da fa'idodi fiye da alcohols na roba a aikace-aikacen sinadarai na yau da kullun. Ko da yake alamun ingancin jiki da sinadarai iri ɗaya ne, masu amfani har yanzu suna son alcohols na halitta, wanda ya zama yanayin "kore". Saboda haka, alcohols na halitta masu kitse sune kayan da suka dace a masana'antar kayan kwalliya don samar da kayayyaki kamar sabulun ruwa da man shafawa, man goge baki da emulsions na kwaskwarima.
Lokacin Saƙo: Afrilu-02-2026