(Utshwala obunamafutha) – elinye lamalungu ayinhloko ama-surfactants

1. Kuyiniutshwala obunamafutha

Ama-fatty alcohols angama-alcohols e-aliphatic aneziketanga zekhabhoni ezingama-athomu ekhabhoni angu-8 kuya kwangu-22. Ama-fatty alcohols ngokuvamile anenani elilinganayo lama-athomu ekhabhoni kanye neqembu le-hydroxyl elinamathele ekugcineni kochungechunge lwekhabhoni.

Zingenye yezinto zokusetshenziswa zama-surfactants asetshenziswa kuma-detergent, ngefomula ejwayelekile i-ROH. Kuma-alcohols ebanga lokuhlanza, i-R ngokuvamile iyiqembu le-hydrocarbon elivela ku-C12 kuya ku-C18. Ama-alcohols anamafutha aphezulu anezakhiwo ze-amphiphilic ngokwemvelo, okusho ukuthi ama-molecule awo aqukethe amaqembu angenawo umoya njengezintambo ze-hydrocarbon kanye namaqembu angenawo umoya njengeqembu le-hydroxyl. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo okuphansi kakhulu emanzini, kuyadingeka ukwengeza amaqembu angenawo umoya noma ukuguqula iqembu le-hydroxyl libe yiqembu le-sulfate. Kuphela lapho inani lebhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic lifinyelela ezingeni elidingekayo, ukuze i-fatty alcohol derivative ithole amaqembu anele e-hydrophilic ukuze ancibilike emanzini futhi akhe ama-aggregates (ama-micelles, lapho i-fatty alcohol derivative isebenza njenge-surfactant. Isibonelo, i-dodecanol ayincibiliki emanzini, kodwa uma iguqulwa ibe yi-sodium dodecyl sulfate, ukuncibilika kwayo emanzini kuyathuthuka ngenxa yokwethulwa kweqembu le-sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), okwenza ukuthi ikwazi ukwakha ama-micelle emanzini. Ekugxilweni okuthile, ibonisa umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wobuso. Besebenzisa lesi sici, abantu bakhiqize izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-surfactants asebenza kahle kakhulu besebenzisa ama-fatty alcohols njengezinto zokusetshenziswa.

2. Inqubo yokuthuthukiswa kotshwala obunamafutha

Ama-alcohol anamafutha aqale akhiqizwa nge-spermaceti. Ama-alcohol anamafutha ahlanganisiwe aphuma lapho, ngemva kokufakwa kwe-sulfonation kanye nokungaguquguquki, akha ama-sulfate, ayengenye yezindlela zokuqala zokuhlanza i-anionic. Kamuva, uwoyela kakhukhunathi, uwoyela wesundu, kanye ne-beef tallow, okuyimithombo eminingi, kwathuthukiswa futhi kwasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ama-fatty acid atholakala nge-hydrolysis abe esencishiswa aba ama-alcohol, abizwa ngokuthi ama-fatty alcohol emvelo. Ngemva kokuthuthuka kwemboni ye-petrochemical, ama-fatty alcohol akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa imikhiqizo kaphethiloli njengezinto zokusetshenziswa aziwa ngokuthi ama-fatty alcohol akhiwe ngogesi. Izindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokukhiqiza ama-fatty alcohol zifaka phakathi i-hydrogenation ephezulu, inqubo ye-Ziegler, kanye nenqubo yokwenziwa kwe-oxo. Uma imaski yezinwele iqukethe ama-fatty alcohol angagcwalisiwe, ingalungisa futhi yondle izinwele; ukufaka ama-fatty alcohol ku-lip gloss kuthuthukisa ukushelela komkhiqizo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa.

3. Indlela yokukhiqiza utshwala obunamafutha

3.1Indlela Yokufaka I-Hydrogenation Ephakeme

Ama-fatty alcohols atholakala nge-hydrogenation enomfutho ophezulu kusetshenziswa amafutha ezilwane nemifino njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Ezimbonini, uwoyela ongahluziwe uqala ukwelashwa kusengaphambili bese ufakwa ku-alcohol (okungukuthi, i-transesterification) ukuze uguqulwe ube ama-fatty acid ngaphambi kwe-hydrogenation. Ama-fatty alcohols angakhiqizwa futhi nge-hydrogenation eqondile yama-fatty acid noma i-hydrogenation ngemva kwe-esterification. I-hydrogenation eqondile yama-fatty acid ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-fatty alcohols ibeka izidingo eziphezulu zezinto emishinini.

I-Chemical reaction equation ye-hydrogenation yama-fatty acids kuma-fatty alcohols:

I-RCOOH + 2H₂ → I-RCH₂OH + I-H₂O

I-Chemical reaction equation ye-hydrogenation yama-fatty acid esters kuma-fatty alcohols:

I-RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → I-RCH₂OH + I-R′OH

Indlela ye-hydrogenation enomfutho ophezulu ihlanganisa inqubo yombhede oqinile kanye nenqubo yombhede olengayo, kodwa izinqubo zabo zobuchwepheshe eziyisisekelo ziyafana.

3.2. Indlela ye-Ziegler

Kusetshenziswa i-ethylene njengento eluhlaza ukuze kuhlangatshezwane ne-trialkylaluminum, ama-compound e-aluminium alkoxide akhiqizwa ngokukhula kwe-chain kanye ne-oxidation, bese kutholakala ama-fatty alcohols nge-hydrolysis, i-neutralization kanye ne-fractional distillation.

Yasungulwa ngu-K. Ziegler ngo-1954, le ndlela yaqala ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano yi-Continental Oil Company yase-United States ngo-1962, ikhiqiza i-straight-chain even-carbon alcohols. Izimpendulo eziyinhloko zale ndlela yokukhiqiza zifaka phakathi izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

Ukulungiswa kwe-triethylaluminum (i-hydrogenation kanye nokusabela kokwengeza):

I-Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H

3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃

Ukulungiswa kwe-alkylaluminum (ukusabela kokukhula kweketanga):

Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Ukulungiswa kwe-aluminium alkoxide (ukusabela kwe-oxidation):

R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Ukulungiswa kotshwala obunamafutha (ukusabela kwe-hydrolysis):

I-Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → I-Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

I-Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → I-Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Indlela Yokwenziwa Kwe-Oxo

Ama-olefin, i-carbon monoxide kanye ne-hydrogen kwakheka kube ama-aldehydes ngaphansi kwezimo ze-catalyst kanye nezingcindezi. I-aldehyde ine-athomu eyodwa yekhabhoni ngaphezu kwe-olefin eluhlaza. Ama-alcohol anamafutha atholakala ngokufaka i-hydrogenation kuma-aldehydes.

Lokhu kusabela kwe-olefin hydroformylation (ukusabela kwe-OXO) kwatholakala ngusokhemisi waseJalimane u-O. Roelen ngo-1938.

Ukusabela kwe-OXO kungokulandelayo:

Ukusabela kwe-Hydroformylation

4. Izicelo kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemakethe Yemikhiqizo Yotshwala Obunamafutha

Ama-alcohol anamafutha emvelo asezingeni eliphezulu asebenza njengezinto eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle njengezinto zokuhlanza, ama-surfactant kanye nama-plasticizer epulasitiki. Izinkulungwane zemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali emihle yenziwa ngazo, ezisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni ehlanganisa imboni yamakhemikhali, uphethiloli, i-metallurgy, izindwangu, imishini, izimayini, ukwakhiwa, amapulasitiki, irabha, isikhumba, ukwenza amaphepha, ezokuthutha, ukudla, imithi kanye nempilo, imboni yamakhemikhali yansuku zonke kanye nezolimo.

Ama-fatty alcohols angasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izinto eziningi ezisuselwe kuzo. Ama-surfactants asekelwe ku-alcohol abe yisigaba esikhula ngokushesha phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zama-surfactants kusukela ngawo-1980. Njengezithako ezisebenzayo zokuhlanza, anezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu kufaka phakathi i-detergent enamandla, ukuhambisana okuhle, i-foam encane, ukubola okulungele, ukumelana namanzi aqinile kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuwasha emanzini aphansi okushisa. Kancane kancane athatha indawo yama-alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) aqondile kanye ne-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ukuze abe yizinto zokusetshenziswa zokuhlanza zesizukulwane sesithathu. Imikhiqizo emele kakhulu lapha ifaka i-AEO3 kuya ku-AEO9 eyenziwe ngama-fatty alcohols kanye ne-ethylene oxide, engathuthukiswa kakhulu ukuze ikhiqize i-AES. Lawa ma-surfactants asekelwe ku-alcohol anezinhlobo eziningi zokusetshenziswa kanye nesidingo esikhulu semakethe, ahlobene eduze nokuphila kwansuku zonke kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi yokuphila, futhi anezimakethe ezibanzi nezingaba khona. Ngakho-ke, ahlinzeka ngendawo enkulu yokuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwama-fatty alcohols, ikakhulukazi ama-fatty alcohols emvelo.

Izithasiselo zepulasitiki ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezisizayo embonini yepulasitiki, futhi imboni yezokwengeza ithuthuka kanye nemboni yepulasitiki. Intuthuko esheshayo yemboni yepulasitiki yaseShayina yaziwa kahle. Ngo-1985, ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo zepulasitiki ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke kwafinyelela amathani ayizigidi ezingu-13, kanti ama-plasticizer aphakathi kwezithasiselo zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Njengamanje, amandla okukhiqiza angaphandle ama-plasticizer adlule amathani ayizigidi ezingu-4.5, kanti amandla aseShayina adlule amathani angu-500,000. Phakathi kwama-plasticizer, i-dibutyl phthalate (DBP) kanye ne-dioctyl phthalate (DOP) zenza ingxenye enkulu yomkhiqizo. Ngaphandle kwe-phthalic anhydride, i-butanol kanye ne-octanol nazo ziyizinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwazo. Njengamanje, iShayina isebenzisa amathani angaphezu kuka-300,000 e-butanol kanye ne-octanol minyaka yonke ukukhiqiza la ma-plasticizer amabili. Kodwa-ke, i-butanol ne-octanol zinezinhlayiya zekhabhoni ezimfushane kakhulu, futhi ama-plasticizer akhiqizwa kuzo awasakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko zemboni yokucubungula amapulasitiki maqondana nokumelana nokushisa, ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokushisa kukagesi. Njengamanje, ama-alcohol anamafutha eketanga elide njenge-C10, C12, C14, C16 kanye ne-C18 alcohols ayahlolwa ukuze athathe indawo ye-butanol ne-octanol, engakhiqiza imikhiqizo yepulasitiki enokumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokushisa kukagesi, ngaleyo ndlela yandisa ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki. Ngakho-ke, amathuba okusetshenziswa kwama-alcohol anamafutha eketanga elide embonini ye-plasticizer athembisa kakhulu.

Ama-alcohol anamafutha emvelo anezinzuzo eziningi kune-alcohol zokwenziwa ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali kwansuku zonke. Ngisho noma izinkomba zekhwalithi yazo engokwenyama neyamakhemikhali zifana, abathengi basathanda ama-alcohol emvelo, okuye kwaba yindlela ethandwayo "eluhlaza". Ngakho-ke, ama-alcohol anamafutha emvelo ayizinto zokusetshenziswa ezifanele embonini yezimonyo zokukhiqiza imikhiqizo efana nensipho yoketshezi neyokugcoba, amazinyo okuxubha kanye nama-emulsions ezimonyo.