- Gịnị bụmmanya abụba
Mmanya abụba bụ mmanya aliphatic nwere agbụ carbon nke atọm carbon 8 ruo 22. Mmanya abụba na-enwekarị ọnụọgụgụ atọm carbon na otu hydroxyl nke ejikọtara na njedebe nke agbụ carbon.
Ha bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị e ji eme ihe maka surfactants eji eme ihe nchacha, ya na usoro izugbe ROH. Maka mmanya ndị a na-eji sachaa ihe, R na-abụkarị otu hydrocarbon nke C12 ruo C18. Mmanya abụba dị otú ahụ nwere nnukwu carbon nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị, nke pụtara na molekul ha nwere ma otu hydrophobic dịka agbụ hydrocarbon na otu hydrophilic dịka otu hydroxyl. Agbanyeghị, n'ihi obere mmiri ha na-agbaze na mmiri, ọ dị mkpa ịgbakwunye otu hydrophilic ma ọ bụ gbanwee otu hydroxyl ka ọ bụrụ otu sulfate. Naanị mgbe uru nguzozi hydrophilic-lipophilic ruru ọkwa achọrọ, ka ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanya abụba nweta otu hydrophilic zuru oke iji gbazee na mmiri ma mepụta mkpokọta (micelles, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanya abụba bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị ka surfactant. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dodecanol anaghị agbaze na mmiri, mana mgbe a gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ sodium dodecyl sulfate, mmiri ya na-agbaze na-aka mma n'ihi ntinye nke otu sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), na-eme ka o nwee ike ịmepụta micelles n'ime mmiri. N'otu ebe, ọ na-egosipụta ọrụ dị mma n'elu ya. Site n'iji ihe onwunwe a mee ihe, ndị mmadụ emepụtala ọtụtụ surfactants nwere arụmọrụ pụrụ iche site na iji abụba abụba dị ka ihe eji emepụta ihe.
2. Usoro mmepe nke mmanya na-aba n'anya
E si na spermaceti mepụta mmanya abụba. Mmanya abụba agwakọtara agwakọta, mgbe sulfonation na neutralization gasịrị, mepụtara sulfates, nke bụ otu n'ime ihe nhicha anionic mbụ. Mgbe e mesịrị, e mepụtara mmanụ aki oyibo, mmanụ nkwụ, na tallow anụ ehi, nke bụ ọtụtụ ihe, ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe eji emepụta ihe. E mechara belata asịd abụba enwetara site na hydrolysis ka ọ bụrụ mmanya, nke a na-akpọ mmanya abụba eke. Mgbe mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical gasịrị, mmanya abụba ejiri ngwaahịa mmanụ mee ihe ghọrọ ihe a maara dị ka mmanya abụba sịntetik. Ụzọ ndị dị mkpa maka imepụta mmanya abụba gụnyere hydrogenation dị elu, usoro Ziegler, na usoro mmepụta oxo. Ọ bụrụ na ihe mkpuchi ntutu nwere mmanya abụba na-enweghị afọ ojuju, ọ nwere ike idozi ma zụọ ntutu; itinye mmanya abụba na egbugbere ọnụ na-eme ka ire ụtọ nke ngwaahịa ahụ dịkwuo mma n'oge a na-etinye ya.
3. Usoro mmepụta nke mmanya abụba
3.1Usoro Hydrogenation Dị Elu
A na-enweta mmanya abụba site na iji hydrogenation dị elu site na iji mmanụ anụmanụ na akwụkwọ nri dị ka ihe eji emepụta ihe. N'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, a na-ebu ụzọ gwọọ mmanụ a na-anaghị emepụta ihe ma tinye ya n'ọrụ alcoholization (ya bụ, transesterification) iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ abụba tupu hydrogenation. A pụkwara ịmepụta mmanya abụba site na hydrogenation ozugbo nke abụba acids ma ọ bụ hydrogenation mgbe e mechara esterification. Hydrogenation ozugbo nke abụba acids iji mepụta abụba alcohols na-amanye ihe dị elu na akụrụngwa.
Usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ maka hydrogenation nke abụba asịd na abụba abụba:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
Usoro mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ maka hydrogenation nke esters fatty acid na abụba abụba:
RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH
Usoro hydrogenation nke nrụgide dị elu gụnyere usoro ihe ndina a kapịrị ọnụ na usoro ihe ndina a kwụgidere, mana usoro teknụzụ ha bụ isi yiri otu.
3.2. Ụzọ Ziegler
Site na iji ethylene dị ka ihe eji eme ihe iji meghachi omume na trialkylaluminum, a na-emepụta ngwakọta alkoxide nke aluminum site na uto nke yinye na oxidation, emesịa a na-enweta mmanya abụba site na hydrolysis, neutralization na fractional distillation.
K. Ziegler mepụtara usoro a n'afọ 1954, Continental Oil Company nke United States ji ya mee ihe na mbụ n'ahịa na 1962, na-emepụta mmanya na-aba n'anya nke nwere usoro kwụ ọtọ. Mmeghachi omume bụ isi nke usoro mmepụta a gụnyere usoro ndị a:
Nkwadebe nke triethylaluminum (mmeghachi omume hydrogenation na mgbakwunye):
Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Nkwadebe nke alkylaluminum (mmeghachi omume uto agbụ):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Nkwadebe nke aluminom alkoxide (mmeghachi omume oxidation):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Nkwadebe nke mmanya abụba (mmeghachi omume hydrolysis):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Usoro Oxo Synthesis
A na-emepụta Olefins, carbon monoxide na hydrogen ka ha bụrụ aldehydes n'okpuru ihe na-akpali akpali na ọnọdụ nrụgide. Aldehyde nwere otu atọm carbon karịa olefin a na-adịghị ahụkebe. A na-enweta alcohols abụba site na hydrogenation nke aldehydes.
Onye ọkà mmụta sayensị German bụ O. Roelen chọpụtara mmeghachi omume hydroformylation olefin a (OXO reaction) n'afọ 1938.
Mmeghachi omume OXO bụ dịka ndị a:
Mmeghachi omume hydroformylation
4. Ngwa na Mmepe Ahịa nke Ngwaahịa Mmanya Na-aba n'Anya
Mmanya abụba dị elu sitere n'okike na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi maka ngwaahịa kemịkalụ dị mma dịka nchacha, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime mmiri na ihe ndị na-eme ka plastik dị nro. E si na ha mepụta ọtụtụ puku ngwaahịa kemịkalụ dị mma, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngalaba dịka ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ, mmanụ ala, igwe, ákwà, igwe, igwu ala, owuwu, plastik, roba, akpụkpọ anụ, ime akwụkwọ, njem, nri, ọgwụ na ahụike, ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ kwa ụbọchị na ọrụ ugbo.
Enwere ike iji mmanya na-aba n'anya mepụta ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere na ya. Ndị na-eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya bụ ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa n'etiti ụdị ihe ọṅụṅụ niile kemgbe afọ 1980. Dịka ihe ndị e ji asa ihe, ha nwere ihe ndị dị mma gụnyere ihe nhicha siri ike, ndakọrịta dị mma, obere ụfụfụ, ihe ndị na-emebi emebi, iguzogide mmiri siri ike na arụmọrụ ịsacha dị mma na mmiri dị ala. Ha na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) na dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid iji bụrụ ihe eji asa ihe nke ọgbọ nke atọ. Ngwaahịa kachasị anọchite anya ebe a gụnyere AEO3 ruo AEO9 nke sitere na abụba na ethylene oxide, nke enwere ike itinye sulfonate ọzọ iji mepụta AES. Ndị na-eme ka ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya nwere ọtụtụ ngwa na nnukwu ọchịchọ ahịa, ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmezi nke ịdị mma ndụ, ma nwee nnukwu ahịa n'ezie na nke nwere ike. Ya mere, ha na-enye nnukwu ohere mmepe maka mmepụta nke abụba, karịsịa abụba eke.
Ihe mgbakwunye plastik bụ ihe ndị ọzọ e ji emepụta plastik, ụlọ ọrụ mgbakwunye na-etolitekwa n'otu aka ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ plastik. A maara nke ọma na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke ụlọ ọrụ plastik nke China. Na 1985, oriri zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ihe mgbakwunye plastik dị iche iche ruru tọn nde 13, ihe mgbakwunye plastik sokwa n'ime ihe mgbakwunye plastik a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ugbu a, ikike mmepụta nke ihe mgbakwunye plastik karịrị tọn nde 4.5, ebe ikike China karịrị tọn 500,000. N'ime ihe mgbakwunye plastik, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) na dioctyl phthalate (DOP) bụ nnukwu òkè nke mmepụta. E wezụga phthalic anhydride, butanol na octanol bụkwa ihe ndị bụ isi na mmepụta ha. Ugbu a, China na-eri ihe karịrị tọn 300,000 nke butanol na octanol kwa afọ iji mepụta ihe nrụpụta plastik abụọ a. Agbanyeghị, butanol na octanol nwere obere agbụ carbon, ihe ndị na-eme ka plastik dị na ha enweghịzi ike igbo mkpa mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ nhazi plastik n'ihe gbasara iguzogide okpomọkụ, iguzogide ihu igwe na mkpuchi eletriki. Ugbu a, a na-anwale mmanya abụba ogologo dị ka C10, C12, C14, C16 na C18 iji dochie butanol na octanol, nke nwere ike imepụta ngwaahịa plastik nwere ezigbo iguzogide okpomọkụ, iguzogide ihu igwe na mkpuchi eletriki, si otú a na-agbasa ojiji nke plastik. Ya mere, atụmanya ojiji nke mmanya abụba ogologo agbụ na ụlọ ọrụ plastik plastik dị mma nke ukwuu.
Mmanya abụba sitere n'okike nwere uru karịa mmanya sịntetik n'iji kemịkalụ eme ihe kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụrụgodị na ihe ngosi ha gbasara ịdị mma anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ yiri otu, ndị ahịa ka na-ahọrọ mmanya eke, nke aghọọla usoro "akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ" a na-ahụkarị. Ya mere, mmanya abụba sitere n'okike bụ ihe eji emepụta ihe ịchọ mma maka imepụta ngwaahịa dịka ncha mmiri mmiri na mmanụ, ihe nhicha ezé na ihe ịchọ mma emulsions.
Oge ozi: Eprel-02-2026