(Alcool y'ibinure) – imwe mu ngingo z'ingenzi z'ibinyabutabire

1. Ni ikiinzoga irimo ibinure

Alkoholi zirimo ibinure ni alkoholi zifite iminyururu ya karuboni ingana na atome 8 kugeza kuri 22 za karuboni. Alkoholi zirimo ibinure akenshi zigira umubare ungana wa atome za karuboni n'itsinda rya hydroxyl rifatanye n'impera y'umunyururu wa karuboni.

Ni kimwe mu bikoresho fatizo bya surfactants bikoreshwa mu isabune, hamwe na formula rusange ya ROH. Ku bijyanye na alcool zo mu rwego rwa detergent, R muri rusange ni itsinda rya hydrocarbon riri hagati ya C12 na C18. Alcool nk'izo zifite amavuta menshi ya karubone zifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga, bivuze ko molekile zazo zirimo amatsinda yombi ya hydrophobic nka hydrocarbon chains na hydrophilic nka hydroxyl. Ariko, kubera ko zishonga nke cyane mu mazi, ni ngombwa kongeramo amatsinda ya hydrophilic cyangwa guhindura itsinda rya hydroxyl mo itsinda rya sulfate. Iyo agaciro ka hydrophilic-lipophilic balance kageze ku rwego rukenewe, kugira ngo alcool y'amavuta ibone amatsinda ahagije ya hydrophilic yo gushonga mu mazi no gukora aggregates (micelles, niho alcool y'amavuta ikora nk'umusemburo. Urugero, dodecanol ntishongera mu mazi, ariko iyo ihinduwe sodium dodecyl sulfate, gushonga kwayo mu mazi birarushaho kuba byiza bitewe no kwinjiza itsinda rya sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), bituma ikora micelles mu mazi. Ku rugero runaka, igaragaza imikorere myiza cyane ku buso. Bakoresheje iyi miterere, abantu bakoze surfactants zitandukanye zifite imikorere myiza cyane zikoresha alcool z'ibinure nk'ibikoresho fatizo.

2.Iterambere ry'inzoga zirimo ibinure

Alcool irimo ibinure yabanje gukorwa mu ntanga z'imbuto. Alcool zivanze n'ibinure, nyuma yo gushonga no kugabanya ubushyuhe, zakoze sulfate, zari imwe mu nganda za kera za anionic. Nyuma, amavuta ya kokonati, amavuta ya palme, na beef tallow, ari byo bikomoka ku bwinshi, byarakozwe kandi bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo. Aside irike yabonetse binyuze mu gushonga ya hydrolyze yagabanutse iba alcool, hamwe yitwa alcool karemano y'ibinure. Nyuma y'iterambere ry'inganda zikora peteroli, alcool irike yakozwe hakoreshejwe ibikomoka kuri peteroli nk'ibikoresho fatizo izwi nka alcool irike y'ibinure. Uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora alcool irike burimo hydrogenation ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, inzira ya Ziegler, n'inzira yo gukora oxo. Iyo mask y'umusatsi irimo alcool irike y'ibinure, ishobora gusana no kugaburira umusatsi; kongeramo alcool irike ku minwa byongera uburyohe bw'umusatsi mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha.

3. Uburyo bwo gukora alcool zirimo ibinure

3.1Uburyo bwo kongeramo hydrogenation hakoreshejwe umuvuduko mwinshi

Alcool irimo ibinure iboneka binyuze mu gukwirakwiza hydrogenation y’umuvuduko mwinshi hakoreshejwe amavuta y’inyamaswa n’ibikomoka ku bimera nk’ibikoresho fatizo. Mu nganda, amavuta atozwa mbere yo kuyatunganya no kuyahinduramo aside irike mbere yo kuyahinduramo hydrogenation. Alcool irimo ibinure ishobora kandi gukorwa hakoreshejwe hydrogenation itaziguye ya aside irike cyangwa hydrogenation nyuma yo kuyahinduramo esterification. Hydrogenation itaziguye ya aside irike kugira ngo ikore alcool irike ituma ibikoresho bikenera ibikoresho byinshi.

Igereranya ry'ibinyabutabire ku bijyanye no kongera ihidorojeni y'aside irike mu mazi abira:

RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O

Ingano y'ibinyabutabire mu bijyanye na hydrogenation ya esters za aside irike na alkoholi zirimo ibinure:

RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH

Uburyo bwo guteranya umwuka mwinshi burimo uburyo bwo gusimbuza umwuka mu buryo butaziguye n'uburyo bwo gusimbuza umwuka mu buryo butaziguye, ariko uburyo bw'ikoranabuhanga bukoreshwa mu buryo bw'ibanze burasa.

3.2. Uburyo bwa Ziegler

Hakoreshejwe ethylene nk'ibikoresho fatizo kugira ngo hakorwe na trialkylaluminum, imvange ya aluminiyumu ya alkoxide ikorwa binyuze mu gukura kw'uruhererekane no gushonga, hanyuma alkoholi z'ibinure ziboneka binyuze mu guhirima, gucikamo ibice no gusya ibice.

Ubu buryo bwavumbuwe na K. Ziegler mu 1954, bwakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu bucuruzi na Continental Petrol Company yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1962, bukora alcohol za karubone zingana. Ingaruka z'ingenzi z'ubu buryo bwo gukora zirimo intambwe zikurikira:

Gutegura triethylaluminum (hydrogenation na addition reaction):

Al + H₂ + 2Al (C₂H₅) ₃ → 3Al (C₂H₅) ₂H

3Al (C₂H₅) ₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al (C₂H₅) ₃

Gutegura alkylaluminum (uruhererekane rw'imikurire y'uruhererekane):

Al (C₂H₅) ₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Gutegura aluminiyumu alkoxide (uburyo bwo gukaraba):

R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Gutegura alkoholi zirimo ibinure (igisubizo cya hydrolysis):

Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Uburyo bwo gukora Oxo synthesis

Olefini, monoxyde de carbone na hydrogen byinjizwa muri aldehyde munsi y’imiterere ya katalisme n’umuvuduko. Aldehyde ifite atome imwe ya karuboni kurusha olefini mbisi. Alcool irimo ibinure iboneka binyuze muri hydrogenation ya aldehyde.

Iyi reaction ya olefin hydroformylation (OXO reaction) yavumbuwe n'umumeyi w'Umudage O. Roelen mu 1938.

Uburyo OXO ikora ni ubu bukurikira:

Uburyo bwo gukora ihinduka ry'amazi

4. Ikoreshwa n'Iterambere ry'Isoko ry'Ibikomoka ku Nzoga Zirimo Ibinure

Alcool zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zikomoka ku mavuta zikoreshwa mu buryo bw'umwimerere nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze bikoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byiza bya shimi nka sabune, surfactants na pulasitiki. Ibinyabutabire byinshi byiza bikorerwa muri byo, bikoreshwa cyane mu nganda zirimo inganda zikora imiti, peteroli, ibyuma, imyenda, imashini, ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ubwubatsi, plastiki, kawunga, uruhu, gukora impapuro, ubwikorezi, ibiribwa, ubuvuzi n'ubuzima, inganda zikora imiti za buri munsi n'ubuhinzi.

Alcool irimo ibinure ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi bikomoka kuri alcool. Surfactants zishingiye kuri alcool ni zo zikura cyane mu bwoko bwose bwa surfactants kuva mu myaka ya 1980. Nk'ibikoresho bikora mu isabune, zifite imiterere myiza irimo ubwikorezi bukomeye, guhuza neza, ifuro rike, ubushobozi bwo kubora, kwirinda amazi akomeye no koza neza mu mazi ari mu bushyuhe buke. Buhoro buhoro zisimbura linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) na dodecylbenzenesulfonique kugira ngo zibe ibikoresho fatizo by'isabune byo mu gisekuru cya gatatu. Ibicuruzwa bizwi cyane hano birimo AEO3 na AEO9 biva muri alcool irimo ibinure na ethylene oxide, bishobora kongera gukoreshwa muri sulfona kugira ngo bikore AES. Izi surfactants zishingiye kuri alcool zifite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoreshwa kandi zikenewe cyane ku isoko, zifitanye isano rya hafi n'ubuzima bwa buri munsi no kunoza ubwiza bw'ubuzima, kandi zifite amasoko manini kandi ashobora gukoreshwa. Kubwibyo, zitanga ahantu hanini ho gukora alcool irimo ibinure, cyane cyane alcool karemano irimo ibinure.

Inyongeramusaruro za pulasitiki ni ibikoresho by’ibanze by’inganda zikora pulasitiki, kandi inganda zikora inyongeramusaruro zigenda zitera imbere hamwe n’inganda zikora pulasitiki. Iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikora pulasitiki mu Bushinwa rirazwi cyane. Mu 1985, ikoreshwa ry’inyongeramusaruro zitandukanye za pulasitiki ku isi ryageze kuri toni miliyoni 13, kandi pulasitiki ni zimwe mu nyongeramusaruro zikoreshwa cyane muri pulasitiki. Kuri ubu, ubushobozi bw’inyongeramusaruro mu mahanga bw’inyongeramusaruro za pulasitiki bwarenze toni miliyoni 4.5, mu gihe ubushobozi bw’Ubushinwa bwarenze toni 500.000. Mu nyongeramusaruro, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) na dioctyl phthalate (DOP) bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro. Uretse anhydride ya phthalate, butanol na octanol nabyo ni ibikoresho by’ingenzi mu musaruro wabyo. Kuri ubu, Ubushinwa bukoresha toni zirenga 300.000 za butanol na octanol buri mwaka kugira ngo bukore izi nyongeramusaruro ebyiri. Ariko, butanol na octanol bifite iminyururu migufi ya karuboni, kandi pulasitiki zikorwamo ntizishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'inganda zitunganya pulasitiki mu bijyanye no kurwanya ubushyuhe, kurwanya ikirere no gukingira amashanyarazi. Muri iki gihe, alkoholi ndende zifite ibinure nka C10, C12, C14, C16 na C18 zirimo kugeragezwa kugira ngo zisimbuze butanol na octanol, zishobora gukora ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bifite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ubushyuhe, kurwanya ikirere no gukingira amashanyarazi, bityo bikarushaho kwagura ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki. Kubwibyo, amahirwe yo gukoresha alkoholi ndende zifite ibinure mu nganda zikora pulasitiki ni meza cyane.

Alcool karemano zifite ibinure bifite akamaro kanini kurusha alcool zikoze mu buvuzi bwa buri munsi. Nubwo ibipimo byazo by’imiterere n’ubuziranenge bw’ibinyabutabire byaba bimwe, abaguzi baracyakunda alcool karemano, ibyo bikaba byarahindutse "icyatsi kibisi" gikunze kugaragara. Bityo, alcool karemano zifite ibinure ni ibikoresho fatizo byiza mu nganda z’ubwiza mu gukora ibintu nk'amasabune y'amazi n'amavuta, imiti yo koza amenyo n'imiti yo kwisiga.