- He aha te meawaipiro momona
Ko ngā waipiro ngako he waipiro aliphatic me ngā mekameka waro o te 8 ki te 22 ngota waro. Ko ngā waipiro ngako he maha taurite te maha o ngā ngota waro me te rōpū hydroxyl e piri ana ki te pito o te mekameka waro.
Ko tētahi o ngā rauemi mata mō ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hopi horoi, me te tātai whānui ROH. Mō ngā waipiro kounga hopi horoi, ko te R he rōpū warowaihā mai i te C12 ki te C18. Ko ēnei waipiro ngako waro-nui he āhuatanga amphiphilic, ko te tikanga kei roto i ā rātou ngota ngā rōpū hydrophobic pērā i ngā mekameka warowaihā me ngā rōpū hydrophilic pērā i ngā rōpū hydroxyl. Heoi, nā te iti rawa o te wairewa i roto i te wai, me tāpiri ngā rōpū hydrophilic, me huri rānei te rōpū hydroxyl ki te rōpū sulfate. Ina tae te uara taurite hydrophilic-lipophilic ki te taumata e hiahiatia ana, kia whiwhi ai te waipiro ngako i ngā rōpū hydrophilic hei wairewa i roto i te wai me te hanga i ngā whakahiato (micelles, ka mahi te waipiro ngako hei matū horoi. Hei tauira, kāore e wairewa te dodecanol i roto i te wai, engari ina hurihia hei konutai dodecyl sulfate, ka pai ake tōna wairewatanga wai nā te whakaurunga o te rōpū sulfate (-SO₃⁻), e āhei ai ki te hanga micelles i roto i te wai. I tētahi kukū, he tino pai te mahi mata. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei āhuatanga, kua hangaia e te tangata he maha ngā momo surfactants me te mahi tino pai mā te whakamahi i ngā waipiro ngako hei rauemi mata.
2. Te tukanga whakawhanaketanga o ngā waipiro ngako
I te tīmatanga, i hangaia ngā waipiro ngako mai i ngā spermaceti. Ko ngā waipiro ngako i konatunatua, i muri i te sulfonation me te neutralization, i hanga he sulfates, ko tētahi o ngā hopi anion tuatahi. I muri mai, i whakawhanakehia te hinu kokonati, te hinu nikau, me te tallow kau, he puna nui, ā, i whakamahia hei rauemi mata. Ko ngā waikawa ngako i whiwhihia mā te hydrolysis i whakaitihia hei waipiro, e kiia ana ko ngā waipiro ngako tūturu. Whai muri i te whanaketanga o te umanga petrochemical, ko ngā waipiro ngako i hangaia mā te whakamahi i ngā hua hinu hei rauemi mata i mōhiotia ko ngā waipiro ngako hangai. Ko ngā tikanga nui mō te whakaputa waipiro ngako ko te hauwai-pēhanga teitei, te tukanga Ziegler, me te tukanga oxo synthesis. Mena kei roto i te kopare makawe ngā waipiro ngako kore-māku, ka taea e ia te whakatika me te whāngai i te makawe; mā te tāpiri i ngā waipiro ngako ki te whakakanapa ngutu ka whakarei ake i te maeneene o te hua i te wā e pania ana.
3. Tikanga whakaputa waipiro ngako
3.1Tikanga Whakahauora Pēhanga-Teitei
Ka whiwhihia ngā waipiro ngako mā te hauwaitanga pēhanga teitei mā te whakamahi i ngā hinu kararehe me ngā hinu huawhenua hei rauemi mata. I roto i te ahumahi, ka tukatukahia te hinu mata i mua i te tukatuka waipiro (arā, te whakawhiti-esterification) hei huri i a ia hei waikawa ngako i mua i te hauwaitanga. Ka taea hoki te whakaputa waipiro ngako mā te hauwaitanga tika o ngā waikawa ngako, mā te hauwaitanga rānei i muri i te esterification. Ko te hauwaitanga tika o ngā waikawa ngako hei whakaputa waipiro ngako he nui ngā whakaritenga rauemi mō ngā taputapu.
Whārite tauhohenga matū mō te hauwai o ngā waikawa ngako ki ngā waipiro ngako:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
Whārite tauhohenga matū mō te hauwai o ngā ester waikawa ngako ki ngā waipiro ngako:
RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH
Kei roto i te tikanga hauwai pēhanga-tiketike te tukanga moenga-pūmau me te tukanga moenga-whakatārewatia, engari he ōrite tonu ngā tukanga hangarau taketake.
3.2. Tikanga Ziegler
Mā te whakamahi i te ethylene hei rauemi mata hei tauhohe ki te trialkylaluminum, ka puta ngā matū konumohe alkoxide mā te tipu mekameka me te waikura, kātahi ka puta ngā waipiro ngako mā te hydrolysis, te neutralization me te distillation wāhanga.
I hangaia tēnei tikanga e K. Ziegler i te tau 1954, ā, i whakamahia tuatahitia tēnei tikanga e te Kamupene Hinu Continental o te Hononga o Amerika i te tau 1962, hei whakaputa i ngā waipiro waro-taurite mekameka-tika. Ko ngā tauhohenga matua o tēnei tikanga whakaputa ko ēnei mahi:
Te whakarite i te triethylaluminum (te tauhohenga hauwai me te tāpiri):
Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Te whakarite i te alkylaluminum (te tauhohenga tipu mekameka):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Te whakarite i te konumohe alkoxide (tauhohenga waikura):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Te whakarite i ngā waipiro ngako (tauhohenga waikura):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Tikanga Hanga Oxo
Ka hangaia ngā olefin, te hauota waro me te hauwai hei aldehydes i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakakorikori me te pēhanga. Kotahi te ngota waro o te aldehyde i te olefin mata. Ka whiwhihia ngā waipiro ngako mā te hauwai o ngā aldehydes.
I kitea tēnei tauhohenga hydroformylation olefin (tauhohenga OXO) e te kaimātai matū Tiamana a O. Roelen i te tau 1938.
Ko te tauhohenga OXO penei:
Tauhohenga hydroformylation
4. Ngā Tono me te Whakawhanaketanga Mākete o ngā Hua Waipiro Ngako
Ko ngā waipiro ngako kounga teitei tūturu he rauemi mata mō ngā hua matū pai pērā i ngā hopi horoi, ngā matū horoi me ngā kirihou whakapūmau. He mano tini ngā hua matū pai e hangaia ana mai i ēnei, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā rāngai tae atu ki te ahumahi matū, te hinu, te whakarewa, te kakahu, te mīhini, te keri maina, te hanga, te kirihou, te rapa, te hiako, te hanga pepa, te kawe waka, te kai, te rongoā me te hauora, te ahumahi matū o ia rā me te ahuwhenua.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā waipiro ngako hei whakaputa i ngā momo matū rerekē. Ko ngā matū horoi waipiro te wāhanga tino tere te tipu i waenga i ngā momo matū horoi katoa mai i te tekau tau atu i 1980. Hei wāhanga hopi hopi hohe, he tino pai ngā āhuatanga tae atu ki te hopi kaha, te hototahi pai, te iti o te pahuka, te tere pirau, te ātete ki te wai mārō me te pai o te horoi i roto i te wai pāmahana iti. Kei te whakakapi haere rātou i ngā matū hopi hopi alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) me te waikawa dodecylbenzenesulfonic hei rauemi mata hopi tuatoru o te whakatipuranga. Ko ngā hua tino rongonui i konei ko te AEO3 ki te AEO9 i hangaia mai i ngā waipiro ngako me te ethylene oxide, ka taea te whakapūhui anō hei whakaputa AES. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ēnei matū horoi waipiro, ā, he nui te tono mākete, e pā tata ana ki te oranga o ia rā me te whakapai ake i te kounga o te noho, ā, he whānui hoki ngā mākete tūturu me ngā mākete pea. Nō reira, he whānui te wāhi whanaketanga e whakaratohia ana e rātou mō te whakaputa waipiro ngako, inā koa ko ngā waipiro ngako tūturu.
He rauemi mata āwhina ngā tāpiri kirihou mō te umanga kirihou, ā, ka whanake ngātahi te umanga tāpiri me te umanga kirihou. E mōhiotia whānuitia ana te tere o te whanaketanga o te umanga kirihou o Haina. I te tau 1985, i eke te whakamahinga o ngā momo tāpiri kirihou ki te 13 miriona tana i te ao, ā, ko ngā mea hanga kirihou kei roto i ngā tāpiri kirihou e whakamahia whānuitia ana. I tēnei wā, kua neke atu i te 4.5 miriona tana te kaha whakaputa o ngā mea hanga kirihou i tāwāhi, ā, kua neke atu i te 500,000 tana te kaha o Haina. I roto i ngā mea hanga kirihou, ko te dibutyl phthalate (DBP) me te dioctyl phthalate (DOP) te wāhanga nui o te putanga. Haunga te phthalic anhydride, ko te butanol me te octanol ngā rauemi mata matua i roto i tā rātou whakaputanga. I tēnei wā, neke atu i te 300,000 tana o te butanol me te octanol e pau ana i Haina i ia tau hei whakaputa i ēnei mea hanga kirihou e rua. Heoi, he poto noa ngā mekameka waro o te butanol me te octanol, ā, kāore e taea e ngā mea hanga kirihou te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia whanaketanga o te umanga tukatuka kirihou e pā ana ki te ātete wera, te ātete huarere me te whakamarumaru hiko. I tēnei wā, kei te whakamatautauria ngā waipiro ngako mekameka roa pēnei i te C10, C12, C14, C16 me te C18 hei whakakapi i te butanol me te octanol, ka taea te whakaputa hua kirihou he ātete wera, he ātete huarere me te whakamarumaru hiko pai rawa atu, ā, ka whānui ake ngā tono o ngā kirihou. Nō reira, he tino pai ngā tūmanakohanga tono o ngā waipiro ngako mekameka roa i roto i te umanga hanga kirihou.
He nui ake ngā painga o ngā waipiro ngako tūturu i ngā waipiro hangai i roto i ngā mahi matū o ia rā. Ahakoa he ōrite ngā tohu kounga ā-tinana me te matū, he pai tonu ki ngā kaihoko ngā waipiro tūturu, kua noho hei ia "kakariki" e kitea whānuitia ana. Nō reira, he rauemi mata pai ngā waipiro ngako tūturu i roto i te umanga whakapaipai mō te hanga hua pēnei i te hopi wai me te hinu, ngā paraihe niho me ngā whakapūkara whakapaipai.
Wā tuku: Paenga-whāwhā-02-2026