- Waa maxayaalkolo dufan leh
Alkoholka dufanka leh waa alkoholka aliphatic-ga leh silsilado kaarboon ah oo ah 8 ilaa 22 atamka kaarboon. Alkoholka dufanka leh badanaa wuxuu leeyahay tiro siman oo atamka kaarboon ah iyo koox hydroxyl ah oo ku xiran dhammaadka silsiladda kaarboon.
Waa mid ka mid ah walxaha ceeriin ee loo isticmaalo surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo saabuunta, iyadoo la adeegsanayo qaacidada guud ee ROH. Khamriga heerka saabuunta, R guud ahaan waa koox hydrocarbon ah oo ka kooban C12 ilaa C18. Khamriga dufanka leh ee kaarboon-sarreeya wuxuu si dabiici ah u leeyahay sifooyin amphiphilic ah, taasoo la macno ah in molecules-koodu ay ka kooban yihiin labada kooxood ee hydrophobic sida silsiladaha hydrocarbon iyo kooxaha hydrophilic sida kooxaha hydroxyl. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababtoo ah milmidooda aadka u yar ee biyaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro kooxaha hydrophilic ama loo beddelo kooxda hydroxyl koox sulfate ah. Kaliya marka qiimaha dheelitirka hydrophilic-lipophilic uu gaaro heerka loo baahan yahay, si derivative alcohol-ka dufanka leh uu u helo kooxo hydrophilic ah oo ku filan si ay ugu milmaan biyaha oo ay u sameeyaan isku-darka (micelles, miyuu derivative alcohol-ka dufanka leh u shaqeeyaa sidii surfactant. Tusaale ahaan, dodecanol kuma milmi karo biyaha, laakiin marka loo beddelo sodium dodecyl sulfate, milmigeeda biyuhu wuu fiicnaadaa sababtoo ah soo bandhigidda kooxda sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), taasoo u suurta gelinaysa inay samayso micelles biyaha ku jira. Iyada oo si gaar ah loo eegayo, waxay muujinaysaa firfircooni dusha sare oo aad u fiican. Iyagoo ka faa'iideysanaya hantidan, dadku waxay soo saareen noocyo kala duwan oo surfactants ah oo leh waxqabad heer sare ah iyagoo isticmaalaya aalkolo dufan leh oo ah walxo cayriin ah.
2. Geedi socodka horumarinta khamriga dufanka leh
Alkoholka dufanka leh waxaa markii hore laga soo saaray spermaceti. Alkoholka dufanka leh ee isku dhafan, ka dib sulfonation iyo dhexdhexaadin, waxay sameeyeen sulfates, kuwaas oo ahaa mid ka mid ah saabuunta anionic ee ugu horreysay. Dabadeed, saliidda qumbaha, saliidda timirta, iyo tallow hilibka lo'da, kuwaas oo ah ilo badan, ayaa la sameeyay oo loo isticmaalay walxo cayriin ah. Asiidhyada dufanka leh ee laga helo hydrolysis-ka ayaa markaa loo yareeyay alkoholka, oo si wadajir ah loogu yeero alkoholka dufanka leh ee dabiiciga ah. Ka dib horumarinta warshadaha batroolka, alkoholka dufanka leh ee la soo saaro iyadoo la adeegsanayo alaabada batroolka sida walxaha ceeriin ayaa loo yaqaan alkoholka dufanka leh ee macmal ah. Hababka muhiimka ah ee soo saarista alkoholka dufanka leh waxaa ka mid ah hydrogenation-ka cadaadiska sare leh, habka Ziegler, iyo habka isku-darka oxo. Haddii maaskaro timaha ay ku jiraan alkoholka dufanka leh ee aan dheregsanayn, waxay hagaajin kartaa oo quudin kartaa timaha; ku darista alkoholka dufanka leh dhalaalka bushimaha waxay kor u qaadaysaa simanka badeecada inta lagu jiro isticmaalka.
3. Habka wax soo saarka ee aalkolada dufanka leh
3.1Habka Haydarojiinta Cadaadiska Sare
Khamriga dufanka leh waxaa laga helaa iyada oo loo marayo hydrogenation cadaadis sare iyadoo la isticmaalayo saliidaha xoolaha iyo khudaarta sida walxaha ceeriin. Warshadaha, saliidda cayriin marka hore waa la daaweeyaa ka hor inta aan la isticmaalin waxaana lagu shubaa alkololysis (tusaale ahaan, transesterification) si loogu beddelo asiidh dufan leh ka hor hydrogenation. Khamriga dufanka leh waxaa sidoo kale lagu soo saari karaa hydrogenation toos ah oo asiidhyada dufanka leh ama hydrogenation ka dib esterification. Hydrogenation toos ah oo asiidhyada dufanka leh si loo soo saaro alkoholka dufanka leh waxay ku qasabtaa qalabka shuruudo badan oo agab ah.
Isle'egta falgalka kiimikada ee haydarojiinta asiidhyada dufanka leh iyo alkolada dufanka leh:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
Isle'egta falgalka kiimikada ee hydrogenation-ka esters-ka aashitada dufanka leh iyo alkolada dufanka leh:
RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH
Habka hydrogenation-ka cadaadiska sare leh waxaa ka mid ah habka sariirta go'an iyo habka sariirta la hakiyey, laakiin hababkooda tignoolajiyada aasaasiga ah waa isku mid.
3.2. Habka Ziegler
Iyadoo la adeegsanayo ethylene oo ah walax ceeriin ah si loola falgalo trialkylaluminum, isku-darka aluminium alkoxide waxaa lagu soo saaraa koritaanka silsiladda iyo oksaydhka, ka dibna aalkolada dufanka leh waxaa laga helaa iyada oo loo marayo hydrolysis, dhexdhexaadin iyo kala-soocid jajab ah.
Habkan oo uu ikhtiraacay K. Ziegler sanadkii 1954, waxaa markii ugu horreysay ganacsi ahaan u adeegsatay Shirkadda Saliidda Continental ee Mareykanka sanadkii 1962, iyadoo soo saartay alkohol toos ah oo siman oo kaarboon ah. Falcelinta ugu weyn ee habkan wax soo saarka waxaa ka mid ah tallaabooyinka soo socda:
Diyaarinta triethylaluminum (falcelinta hydrogenation iyo isku darka):
Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Diyaarinta alkylaluminum (falcelinta koritaanka silsiladda):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Diyaarinta aluminium alkoxid (falcelinta oksaydhka):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Diyaarinta aalkolada dufanka leh (falcelinta hydrolysis):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Habka Isku-darka Oxo
Olefins, carbon monoxide iyo hydrogen waxaa lagu sameeyaa aldehydes iyadoo la adeegsanayo xaalado kicin iyo cadaadis leh. Aldehyde wuxuu leeyahay hal atam kaarboon oo ka badan olefin cayriin ah. Alkoholka dufanka leh waxaa laga helaa hydrogenation-ka aldehydes.
Falgalkan olefin hydroformylation (OXO) waxaa ogaaday farmashiistaha Jarmalka O. Roelen sanadkii 1938.
Falcelinta OXO waa sida soo socota:
Falcelinta Hydroformylation
4. Codsiyada iyo Horumarinta Suuqa ee Alaabada Khamriga Dufanka leh
Alkoholka dufanka leh ee heerka sare ah ee dabiiciga ah waxay u adeegaan sidii agab ceeriin ah oo aasaasi ah oo loogu talagalay alaabada kiimikada ee fiican sida saabuunta, walxaha dusha sare leh iyo balaastikada balaastikada ah. Kumanaan alaab kiimiko ah oo fiican ayaa laga soo saaraa, kuwaas oo si weyn loogu isticmaalo qaybaha ay ka mid yihiin warshadaha kiimikada, batroolka, birta, dharka, mishiinada, macdan qodista, dhismaha, balaastikada, caagga, maqaarka, sameynta waraaqaha, gaadiidka, cuntada, daawada iyo caafimaadka, warshadaha kiimikada maalinlaha ah iyo beeraha.
Khamriga dufanka leh waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu soo saaro noocyo badan oo ka soo jeeda. Khamriga ku salaysan walxaha ayaa ahaa qaybta ugu kobaca badan dhammaan noocyada walxaha surfactants tan iyo 1980-meeyadii. Iyagoo ah maaddooyinka saabuunta firfircoon, waxay leeyihiin sifooyin aad u fiican oo ay ku jiraan saabuun xooggan, iswaafajin wanaagsan, xumbo yar, bayoolaji diyaar ah, iska caabbinta biyaha adag iyo waxqabadka dhaqidda wanaagsan ee biyaha heerkulka hooseeya. Waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u beddelayaan alkylbenzene sulfonates toosan (LAS) iyo dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid si ay u noqdaan walxaha cayriin ee saabuunta jiilka saddexaad. Badeecadaha ugu matalaya halkan waxaa ka mid ah AEO3 ilaa AEO9 oo laga sameeyay alkohol dufan leh iyo ethylene oxide, kuwaas oo si dheeraad ah loogu sulfon karo si loo soo saaro AES. Khamriga ku salaysan walxahan waxay leeyihiin codsiyo badan iyo baahi suuq oo ballaaran, waxay si dhow ula xiriiraan nolol maalmeedka iyo horumarinta tayada nolosha, waxayna ku faanaan suuqyo dhab ah oo suurtagal ah. Sidaa darteed, waxay bixiyaan meel horumarineed oo aad u ballaaran oo loogu talagalay soo saarista khamriga dufanka leh, gaar ahaan khamriga dufanka leh ee dabiiciga ah.
Waxyaabaha lagu daro balaastikada waa agab ceeriin ah oo loogu talagalay warshadaha balaastikada, warshadaha lagu darona waxay horumaraan iyagoo la jaanqaadaya warshadaha balaastikada. Horumarka degdegga ah ee warshadaha balaastikada ee Shiinaha waa mid si fiican loo yaqaan. Sannadkii 1985, isticmaalka adduunka ee noocyada kala duwan ee lagu daro balaastikada ayaa gaaray 13 milyan oo tan, balaastikadana waxay ka mid yihiin waxyaabaha lagu daro balaastikada ee ugu isticmaalka badan. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, awoodda wax soo saarka dibadda ee balaastikada ayaa dhaaftay 4.5 milyan oo tan, halka awoodda Shiinaha ay dhaaftay 500,000 oo tan. Kuwa ka mid ah balaastikada, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) iyo dioctyl phthalate (DOP) ayaa ah qayb weyn oo ka mid ah wax soo saarka. Marka laga reebo phthalic anhydride, butanol iyo octanol sidoo kale waa agab ceeriin ah oo muhiim u ah wax soo saarkooda. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, Shiinuhu wuxuu isticmaalaa in ka badan 300,000 oo tan oo butanol iyo octanol ah sannad kasta si uu u soo saaro labadan balaastig. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, butanol iyo octanol waxay leeyihiin silsilado kaarboon oo gaaban, balaastikada laga soo saarona ma dabooli karaan baahiyaha horumarinta ee warshadaha wax soo saarka balaastikada marka loo eego iska caabbinta kulaylka, iska caabbinta cimilada iyo dahaarka korontada. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, alkolada dufanka leh ee silsiladaha dheer sida alkolada C10, C12, C14, C16 iyo C18 ayaa la tijaabinayaa si loogu beddelo butanol iyo octanol, kuwaas oo soo saari kara badeecooyin balaastig ah oo leh iska caabbinta kulaylka oo aad u fiican, iska caabbinta cimilada iyo dahaarka korontada, sidaas darteedna ballaarinaya codsiyada balaastikada. Sidaa darteed, rajada isticmaalka alkolada dufanka leh ee silsiladaha dheer ee warshadaha balaastikada balaastikada ah waa mid aad u rajo leh.
Khamriga dufanka dabiiciga ah wuxuu leeyahay faa'iidooyin ka badan khamriga macmalka ah ee codsiyada kiimikada maalinlaha ah. Xitaa haddii tilmaamayaasha tayada jireed iyo kiimikada ay isku mid yihiin, macaamiishu waxay weli doorbidaan khamriga dabiiciga ah, taas oo noqotay isbeddel "cagaaran" oo caan ah. Sidaa darteed, khamriga dufanka dabiiciga ah waa agab ceeriin ah oo ku habboon warshadaha qurxinta si loo soo saaro alaabada sida saabuunta dareeraha iyo saliidda, cadayga iyo emulsions-ka qurxinta.
Waqtiga boostada: Abriil-02-2026