(ʻAila momona) - kekahi o nā lālā koʻikoʻi o nā surfactants

1. He aha ka meawaiʻona momona

ʻO nā waiʻona momona he mau waiʻona aliphatic me nā kaulahao kalapona o 8 a 22 mau ʻātoma kalapona. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i nā waiʻona momona kahi helu like o nā ʻātoma kalapona a me kahi hui hydroxyl i hoʻopili ʻia i ka hopena o ke kaulahao kalapona.

ʻO lākou kekahi o nā mea maka no nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā detergents, me ke ʻano maʻamau ROH. No nā waiʻona detergent-grade, ʻo R ka hui hydrocarbon o C12 a i C18. Loaʻa i kēlā mau waiʻona momona kalapona kiʻekiʻe nā waiwai amphiphilic, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia i loko o kā lākou mau molekala nā hui hydrophobic e like me nā kaulahao hydrocarbon a me nā hui hydrophilic e like me nā hui hydroxyl. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ko lākou solubility haʻahaʻa loa i ka wai, pono e hoʻohui i nā hui hydrophilic a hoʻololi paha i ka hui hydroxyl i loko o kahi hui sulfate. I ka wā e hiki ai i ka waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic i ka pae i koi ʻia, i loaʻa ai i ka momona waiʻona nā hui hydrophilic lawa e hoʻoheheʻe i loko o ka wai a hana i nā aggregates (micelles, hana ka momona waiʻona derivative ma ke ʻano he surfactant. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka dodecanol i ka wai, akā i ka wā e hoʻololi ʻia ai i ka sodium dodecyl sulfate, hoʻomaikaʻi kona solubility wai ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o kahi hui sulfate (-SO₃⁻), e hiki ai iā ia ke hana i nā micelles i loko o ka wai. Ma kahi kikoʻī, hōʻike ia i ka hana ʻili maikaʻi loa. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia waiwai, ua hana ka poʻe i nā ʻano surfactants like ʻole me ka hana koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiʻona momona ma ke ʻano he mea maka.

2. Ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala o nā ʻona momona

Ua hana mua ʻia nā waiʻona momona mai ka spermaceti. ʻO nā waiʻona momona i hui pū ʻia, ma hope o ka sulfonation a me ka neutralization, ua hana ʻia nā sulfates, ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea holoi anionic mua loa. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomohala ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila niu, ka ʻaila pama, a me ka tallow pipi, he mau kumu nui, ma ke ʻano he mau mea maka. A laila ua hoʻemi ʻia nā waikawa momona i loaʻa ma o ka hydrolysis i nā waiʻona, i kapa ʻia ʻo nā waiʻona momona maoli. Ma hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana petrochemical, ua ʻike ʻia nā waiʻona momona i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana petroleum ma ke ʻano he mau mea maka i kapa ʻia ʻo nā waiʻona momona synthetic. ʻO nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā waiʻona momona e komo pū me ka hydrogenation kiʻekiʻe, ke kaʻina hana Ziegler, a me ke kaʻina hana oxo synthesis. Inā loaʻa i kahi mask lauoho nā waiʻona momona unsaturated, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono a hānai i ka lauoho; ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā waiʻona momona i ka lip gloss e hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ka huahana i ka wā o ka noi.

3. Ke ʻano hana o nā ʻona momona

3.1Ke ʻAno Hydrogenation Kiʻekiʻe-Pressure

Loaʻa nā waiʻona momona ma o ka hydrogenation kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aila holoholona a me nā mea kanu ma ke ʻano he mea maka. Ma ke ʻano ʻoihana, mālama mua ʻia ka aila maka a hoʻokomo ʻia i ka alcoholysis (ʻo ia hoʻi, transesterification) e hoʻololi iā ia i nā waikawa momona ma mua o ka hydrogenation. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā waiʻona momona ma o ka hydrogenation pololei o nā waikawa momona a i ʻole ka hydrogenation ma hope o ka esterification. ʻO ka hydrogenation pololei o nā waikawa momona e hana i nā waiʻona momona e kau i nā koi mea kiʻekiʻe ma nā lako.

Ka hoʻohālikelike hopena kemika no ka hydrogenation o nā waikawa momona i nā waiʻona momona:

RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O

Ka hoʻohālikelike hopena kemika no ka hydrogenation o nā esters waikawa momona i nā waiʻona momona:

RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH

ʻO ke ʻano hydrogenation kiʻekiʻe-kaomi e komo pū me ke kaʻina hana moena paʻa a me ke kaʻina hana moena kau ʻia, akā ua like kā lākou mau kaʻina hana ʻenehana kumu.

3.2. Ke ʻAno Hana Ziegler

Ke hoʻohana nei i ka ethylene ma ke ʻano he mea maka e hana ai me trialkylaluminum, ua hana ʻia nā hui alumini alkoxide ma o ka ulu ʻana o ke kaulahao a me ka oxidation, a laila loaʻa nā ʻalekohol momona ma o ka hydrolysis, neutralization a me ka distillation fractional.

Ua hana ʻia e K. Ziegler i ka makahiki 1954, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ka Continental Oil Company o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1962, e hana ana i nā waiʻona kalapona kaulike. ʻO nā hopena nui o kēia ʻano hana e komo pū me kēia mau ʻanuʻu:

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka triethylaluminum (ka hydrogenation a me ka hopena hoʻohui):

Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H

3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka alkylaluminum (ka hopena ulu kaulahao):

Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka alumini alkoxide (ka hopena oxidation):

Al₃ + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā ʻona momona (ka hopena hydrolysis):

Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Ke ʻAno Hana Hana ʻOxo

Hoʻohui ʻia nā olefins, carbon monoxide a me ka hydrogen i loko o nā aldehydes ma lalo o nā kūlana catalyst a me ke kaomi. Hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona hou aʻe o ka aldehyde ma mua o ka olefin maka. Loaʻa nā ʻalekohola momona ma o ka hydrogenation o nā aldehydes.

Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hopena olefin hydroformylation (reaksi OXO) e ka mea kemika Kelemania ʻo O. Roelen i ka makahiki 1938.

Penei ka hopena OXO:

Ka hopena hydroformylation

4. Nā noi a me ka hoʻomohala mākeke o nā huahana ʻona momona

Hana ʻia nā ʻona momona kūlohelohe kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he mea maka kumu no nā huahana kemika maikaʻi e like me nā detergents, surfactants a me nā plasticizers plastic. Hana ʻia nā tausani o nā huahana kemika maikaʻi mai ia mau mea, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma nā ʻāpana e like me ka ʻoihana kemika, ka ʻaila, ka metallurgy, nā lole, nā mīkini, ka eli ʻana, ke kūkulu ʻana, nā plastics, ka laholio, ka ʻili, ka hana pepa, ka halihali, ka meaʻai, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ke olakino, ka ʻoihana kemika o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka mahiʻai.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā waiʻona momona e hana i nā derivatives he nui. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waiʻona ka māhele ulu wikiwiki loa i waena o nā ʻano surfactants āpau mai ka makahiki 1980. Ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohui detergent hana, loaʻa iā lākou nā waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ka detergent ikaika, ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi, ka hua haʻahaʻa, ka biodegradability mākaukau, ke kūpaʻa i ka wai paʻakikī a me ka hana holoi maikaʻi i ka wai wela haʻahaʻa. Ke hoʻololi mālie nei lākou i nā linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) a me ka dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid e lilo i nā mea maka detergent hanauna ʻekolu. ʻO nā huahana hōʻike nui loa ma aneʻi e pili ana iā AEO3 a i AEO9 i synthesized mai nā waiʻona momona a me ka ethylene oxide, hiki ke hoʻohui hou ʻia e hana i ka AES. Loaʻa i kēia mau surfactants i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka waiʻona kahi ākea o nā noi a me ka noi nui o ka mākeke, pili loa i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ola, a haʻaheo i nā mākeke maoli a me nā mākeke hiki. No laila, hāʻawi lākou i kahi ākea ākea no ka hana ʻana i nā waiʻona momona, ʻoi aku ka waiʻona momona maoli.

ʻO nā mea hoʻohui plastik he mau mea kōkua maka no ka ʻoihana plastik, a ulu pū ka ʻoihana hoʻohui me ka ʻoihana plastik. Ua ʻike nui ʻia ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻoihana plastik o Kina. I ka makahiki 1985, ua hōʻea ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka honua i nā mea hoʻohui plastik like ʻole i 13 miliona tone, a ʻo nā plasticizers kekahi o nā mea hoʻohui plastik i hoʻohana nui ʻia. I kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana ʻana o nā plasticizers ma waho o 4.5 miliona tone, ʻoiai ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana o Kina ma mua o 500,000 tone. Ma waena o nā plasticizers, ʻo ka dibutyl phthalate (DBP) a me ka dioctyl phthalate (DOP) ka hapa nui o ka hana. Ma waho aʻe o ka phthalic anhydride, ʻo ka butanol a me ka octanol kekahi mau mea maka koʻikoʻi i kā lākou hana ʻana. I kēia manawa, hoʻopau ʻo Kina ma mua o 300,000 tone o ka butanol a me ka octanol i kēlā me kēia makahiki e hana i kēia mau plasticizers ʻelua. Eia nō naʻe, he pōkole nā ​​kaulahao kalapona o ka butanol a me ka octanol, a ʻaʻole hiki i nā plasticizers i hana ʻia mai ia mau mea ke hoʻokō hou i nā pono hoʻomohala o ka ʻoihana hana plastics ma ke ʻano o ke kūpaʻa wela, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ke aniau a me ka insulation uila. I kēia manawa, ke hoʻāʻo ʻia nei nā waiʻona momona kaulahao lōʻihi e like me C10, C12, C14, C16 a me C18 alcohols e pani i ka butanol a me ka octanol, hiki ke hana i nā huahana plastic me ke kūpaʻa wela maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ke aniau a me ka insulation uila, a laila e hoʻonui ana i nā noi o nā plastics. No laila, he mea hoʻohiki maikaʻi nā manaʻolana noi o nā waiʻona momona kaulahao lōʻihi i ka ʻoihana plasticizer plastic.

ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiʻona momona kūlohelohe ma mua o nā waiʻona synthetic i nā noi kemika o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻOiai inā like ko lākou mau hōʻailona maikaʻi kino a me ke kemika, makemake mau nā mea kūʻai aku i nā waiʻona kūlohelohe, kahi i lilo i ʻano "ʻōmaʻomaʻo" kaulana. No laila, he mau mea maka kūpono nā waiʻona momona kūlohelohe i ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani no ka hana ʻana i nā huahana e like me nā kopa wai a me nā poni, nā toothpaste a me nā emulsions hoʻonaninani.