(Fatty alcohol) - chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinosanganisa ma surfactants

1. Chiidoro rine mafuta

Mafuta ane alkoholi ialkoholi dzine kabhoni ine maatomu ekabhoni 8 kusvika 22. Mafuta ane alkoholi anowanzova nenhamba yakaenzana yemaatomu ekabhoni uye boka rehydroxyl rakabatana nemagumo ekabhoni.

Ndiwo mamwe emhando dzezvinhu zvinoshandiswa mumasurfactants muma detergents, nefomura yakajairika ROH. Kune ma detergent-grade alcohols, R inowanzova boka re hydrocarbon reC12 kusvika C18. Ma alcohols ane mafuta akawanda ane hunhu hwe amphiphilic, zvichireva kuti mamorekuru awo ane mapoka e hydrophobic akadai se hydrocarbon chains uye mapoka e hydrophilic akadai se hydroxyl groups. Zvisinei, nekuda kwekunyungudika kwawo kushoma mumvura, zvakakosha kuwedzera mapoka e hydrophilic kana kushandura boka re hydroxyl kuita boka re sulfate. Kana chete hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value yasvika padanho rinodiwa, kuitira kuti fatty alcohol derivative iwane mapoka e hydrophilic akakwana ekunyungudika mumvura uye kugadzira ma aggregates (micelles, iyo fatty alcohol derivative inoshanda se surfactant. Semuenzaniso, dodecanol hainyungudike mumvura, asi kana ikachinjwa kuita sodium dodecyl sulfate, kunyungudika kwayo mumvura kunovandudzika nekuda kwekuunzwa kweboka re sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), zvichiita kuti igadzire ma "micelles" mumvura. Pahuwandu hwakati, inoratidza kushanda kwakanaka pamusoro. Vachishandisa hunhu uhwu, vanhu vakagadzira ma "surfactants" akasiyana-siyana ane simba rakanaka vachishandisa mafuta alcohols sezvinhu zvekugadzira.

2. Maitiro ekugadzira mafuta ane alcohols

Madoro ane mafuta akatanga kugadzirwa kubva kuspermaceti. Madoro ane mafuta akasanganiswa, mushure me sulfonation uye neutralization, akagadzira sulfates, iyo yaive imwe yemasiponji ekutanga eanionic. Gare gare, mafuta ekokonati, mafuta emuchindwe, uye beef tallow, ayo ari manyuko akawanda, zvakagadzirwa uye zvakashandiswa sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Mafuta acids akawanikwa kuburikidza ne hydrolysis akazoderedzwa kuita madoro, pamwe chete anonzi natural fatty alcohols. Mushure mekuvandudzwa kweindasitiri ye petrochemical, mafuta alcohols akagadzirwa achishandisa zvigadzirwa zve petroleum sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa akazozivikanwa se synthetic fatty alcohols. Nzira dzakakosha dzekugadzira mafuta alcohols dzinosanganisira high-pressure hydrogenation, Ziegler process, uye oxo synthesis process. Kana mask yebvudzi iine unsaturated fatty alcohols, inogona kugadzirisa nekupa hutano bvudzi; kuwedzera fatty alcohols ku lip gloss kunowedzera kupfava kwechigadzirwa panguva yekushandiswa.

3. Nzira yekugadzira mafuta ane alcohols

3.1Nzira yeHydrogenation yeHigh-Pressure

Mafuta ane mafuta anowanikwa kuburikidza nehydrogenation ine simba guru uchishandisa mafuta emhuka nemiriwo sezvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa. Muindasitiri, mafuta asina kugadzirwa anotanga agadziriswa kare uye anoiswa mualcohol (kureva, transesterification) kuti ashandurwe kuita mafuta acids asati aiswa hydrogenation. Mafuta ane mafuta anogonawo kugadzirwa nehydrogenation yakananga yemafuta acids kana hydrogenation mushure mekugadzirwa. Hydrogenation yakananga yemafuta acids kuti agadzire mafuta alcohols inoisa zvinodiwa zvakanyanya pamidziyo.

Kuenzanisa kwemakemikari kwehydrogenation yemafuta acids kuita mafuta alcohols:

RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O

Kuenzanisa kwemakemikari kwehydrogenation yemafuta acid esters kuita mafuta alcohols:

RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH

Nzira yehydrogenation ine simba rakawanda inosanganisira nzira yekuisa mubhedha wakagadzika uye nzira yekuisa mubhedha wakamiswa, asi nzira dzavo dzekutanga dzehunyanzvi dzakafanana.

3.2. Nzira yeZiegler

Kushandisa ethylene sechinhu chisina kugadzirwa kuti iite seyakagadziriswa ne trialkylaluminum, aluminium alkoxide compounds inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekukura kwecheni uye oxidation, uye ipapo fatty alcohols inowanikwa kuburikidza ne hydrolysis, neutralization uye fractional distillation.

Nzira iyi yakagadzirwa naK. Ziegler muna 1954, uye yakatanga kushandiswa mukutengeserana neContinental Oil Company yeUnited States muna 1962, ichigadzira alcohols dzakafanana necarbon. Maitiro makuru ekugadzira nzira iyi anosanganisira matanho anotevera:

Kugadzirwa kwe triethylaluminum (hydrogenation uye kuwedzera kwekuita):

Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H

3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃

Kugadzirwa kwealkylaluminum (chain growth reaction):

Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Kugadzirwa kwealuminium alkoxide (oxidation reaction):

R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Kugadzirwa kwemafuta ane alcohols (hydrolysis reaction):

Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Nzira yeOxo Synthesis

MaOlefin, kabhoni monoxide nehydrogen zvinogadzirwa kuita maaldehydes pasi pemamiriro ekukasira uye ekumanikidzwa. Aldehyde ine atomu imwe chete yekabhoni kupfuura olefin isina kugadzirwa. Mafuta anowanikwa nehydrogenation yealdehydes.

Iyi olefin hydroformylation reaction (OXO reaction) yakawanikwa nekemesitiri wekuGermany O. Roelen muna 1938.

Maitiro eOXO ndeaya anotevera:

Maitiro eHydroformylation

4. Mashandisirwo uye Kugadzirwa Kwemusika Kwezvigadzirwa zveAlcohol Zvine Mafuta

Alcohols dzemhando yepamusoro dzinoshanda sezvinhu zvekutanga zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvakanaka zvakaita semasipo, masurfactants uye mapurasitiki epurasitiki. Zviuru zvezvigadzirwa zvemakemikari zvakanaka zvinogadzirwa kubva kwavari, izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yemakemikari, peturu, simbi, machira, michina, migodhi, kuvaka, mapurasitiki, rabha, dehwe, kugadzira mapepa, kutakura, chikafu, mishonga nehutano, indasitiri yemakemikari yezuva nezuva uye kurima.

Mafuta ane alcohols anogona kushandiswa kugadzira zvinhu zvakawanda zvinobva mumafuta. Ma surfactants ane alcohol ave ari chikamu chiri kukura nekukurumidza pakati pemarudzi ese ema surfactants kubvira kuma1980. Sezvinhu zvinosanganisa sipo, ane hunhu hwakanaka hunosanganisira detergent yakasimba, kushandira pamwe zvakanaka, furo shoma, kugona kuora, mvura yakasimba uye kushanda zvakanaka mumvura inodziya. Zvishoma nezvishoma ari kutsiva linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) uye dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid kuti ave zvigadzirwa zvechigadzirwa chechitatu chesipo. Zvigadzirwa zvinonyanya kumiririrwa pano zvinosanganisira AEO3 kuenda kuAEO9 zvakagadzirwa kubva mumafuta ane alcohols uye ethylene oxide, izvo zvinogona kuwedzerwa sulfonates kuti zvigadzire AES. Aya ma surfactants ane mashandisirwo akasiyana-siyana uye kudiwa kukuru kwemusika, ane hukama hwezuva nezuva nekuvandudzwa kwehupenyu, uye ane misika yakakura uye inogona kuwanikwa. Nokudaro, anopa nzvimbo yakakura yekugadzira mafuta ane alcohols, kunyanya mafuta echisikigo ane alcohols.

Zvinowedzerwa mupurasitiki zvinhu zvinobatsira indasitiri yepurasitiki, uye indasitiri yekuwedzera inokura pamwe chete neindasitiri yepurasitiki. Kufambira mberi nekukurumidza kweindasitiri yepurasitiki yeChina kunozivikanwa zvikuru. Muna 1985, kushandiswa kwezvinowedzera mupurasitiki zvakasiyana-siyana pasi rose kwakasvika matani mamiriyoni gumi nematatu, uye zvinogadzirisa mupurasitiki zviri pakati pezvinowedzera mupurasitiki zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Parizvino, kugona kwekugadzira zvinhu zvepurasitiki kunze kwenyika kwapfuura matani mamiriyoni mana nehafu, nepo kugona kweChina kwapfuura matani zviuru mazana mashanu. Pakati pezvinogadzirisa mupurasitiki, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) uye dioctyl phthalate (DOP) ndizvo zvinonyanya kuburitsa. Kunze kwephthalic anhydride, butanol neoctanol ndizvo zvinhu zvakakosha mukugadzirwa kwazvo. Parizvino, China inoshandisa matani anopfuura mazana matatu ezviuru ebutanol neoctanol pagore kugadzira izvi zviviri zvinogadzirisa mupurasitiki. Zvisinei, butanol ne octanol dzine cheni dzekabhoni pfupi, uye mapurasitiki anogadzirwa kubva mazviri haachakwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa zveindasitiri yekugadzira mapurasitiki maererano nekudzivirira kupisa, kudzivirira mamiriro ekunze uye kudzivirira magetsi. Parizvino, maalcohols ane mafuta akawanda akadai seC10, C12, C14, C16 neC18 ari kuyedzwa kuti atsive butanol ne octanol, izvo zvinogona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvine kudzivirira kupisa kwakanaka, kudzivirira mamiriro ekunze uye kudzivirira magetsi, nokudaro zvichiwedzera kushandiswa kwepurasitiki. Nokudaro, mikana yekushandisa maalcohols ane mafuta akawanda muindasitiri yepurasitiki inoita kuti zvinhu zvive zvakanaka.

Alcohols dzine mafuta echisikigo dzine zvakanakira zvakawanda kupfuura alcohols dzekugadzira mukushandiswa kwemakemikari kwezuva nezuva. Kunyangwe kana zviratidzo zvemhando yepamusoro nemakemikari zvakafanana, vatengi vachiri kuda alcohols dzechisikigo, izvo zvave tsika ye "green". Saka, alcohols dzine mafuta echisikigo imhando yepamusoro muindasitiri yezvizoro zvekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaita sesipo dzemvura nemafuta, toothpastes uye emulsions dzezvizoro.