(Alcohol e mafura) – e 'ngoe ea litho tsa mantlha tsa li-surfactants

1. Ke engjoala bo mafura

Mafura a alkoholi ke mafura a alkoholi a nang le liketane tsa khabone tsa liathomo tsa khabone tse 8 ho isa ho tse 22. Mafura a alkoholi hangata a na le palo e lekanang ea liathomo tsa khabone le sehlopha sa hydroxyl se hoketsoeng qetellong ea ketane ea khabone.

Ke e 'ngoe ea lisebelisoa tse tala tsa li-surfactants tse sebelisoang lisepeng, ka foromo e akaretsang ea ROH. Bakeng sa li-alcohols tsa sehlopha sa sesepa, R hangata ke sehlopha sa hydrocarbon sa C12 ho isa ho C18. Li-alcohol tse joalo tse nang le khabone e ngata li na le thepa ea amphiphilic ka tlhaho, ho bolelang hore limolek'hule tsa tsona li na le lihlopha tse sa rateng metsi tse kang liketane tsa hydrocarbon le lihlopha tse sa rateng metsi tse kang lihlopha tsa hydroxyl. Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la ho qhibiliha ha tsona ho tlase haholo metsing, ho hlokahala ho eketsa lihlopha tse sa rateng metsi kapa ho fetola sehlopha sa hydroxyl hore e be sehlopha sa sulfate. Ke feela ha boleng ba hydrophilic-lipophilic balance bo fihla boemong bo hlokahalang, e le hore derivative ea joala bo mafura e fumane lihlopha tse lekaneng tsa hydrophilic ho qhibiliha ka metsing le ho theha li-aggregates (micelles, moo derivative ea joala bo mafura e sebetsang joalo ka surfactant. Mohlala, dodecanol ha e qhibilihe ka metsing, empa ha e fetoloa sodium dodecyl sulfate, ho qhibiliha ha eona ka metsi hoa ntlafala ka lebaka la ho hlahisoa ha sehlopha sa sulfate (-SO3).₃⁻), e e nolofalletsang ho etsa li-micelles ka metsing. Ka tekanyo e itseng, e bontša ts'ebetso e ntle ea bokaholimo. Ka ho sebelisa thepa ena, batho ba hlahisitse mefuta e fapaneng ea li-surfactants tse nang le ts'ebetso e ikhethang ba sebelisa lino tse tahang tse mafura e le thepa e tala.

2.Ts'ebetso ea nts'etsopele ea lino tse tahang tse mafura

Mafura a nang le mafura a ile a hlahisoa qalong ka spermaceti. Mafura a tsoakiloeng a nang le mafura, ka mor'a ho hlatsuoa ha sulfonation le ho se tlosoe, a ile a etsa li-sulfate, e leng e 'ngoe ea li-detergent tsa pele tsa anionic. Hamorao, oli ea kokonate, oli ea palema le nama ea khomo, e leng mehloli e mengata haholo, li ile tsa hlahisoa 'me tsa sebelisoa e le thepa e tala. Mafura a acid a fumanoeng ka hydrolysis a ile a fokotsoa ho ba ma-alcohol, a bitsoang mafura a tlhaho a tlhaho a alcohol. Kamora nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea petrochemical, mafura a alcohol a hlahisoang ho sebelisoa lihlahisoa tsa peterole e le thepa e tala a ile a tsejoa e le mafura a maiketsetso a alcohol. Mekhoa ea bohlokoa ea ho hlahisa mafura a alcohol e kenyelletsa hydrogenation e nang le khatello e phahameng, ts'ebetso ea Ziegler, le ts'ebetso ea ho kopanya oxo. Haeba maske ea moriri e na le mafura a sa tlatsoang a alcohol, e ka lokisa le ho fepa moriri; ho eketsa mafura a alcohol ho gloss ea molomo ho ntlafatsa boreleli ba sehlahisoa nakong ea ts'ebeliso.

3. Mokhoa oa tlhahiso ea lino tse nang le mafura

3.1Mokhoa oa Hydrogenation ea Khatello e Phahameng

Lino tse nang le mafura li fumanoa ka hydrogenation e nang le khatello e phahameng ho sebelisoa oli ea liphoofolo le ea meroho e le thepa e tala. Liindastering, oli e tala e qala ka ho phekoloa esale pele 'me e kenngoa ho alcohol (ke hore, transesterification) ho e fetola li-acid tse mafura pele e kenngoa hydrogenation. Lino tse nang le mafura li ka boela tsa hlahisoa ka hydrogenation e tobileng ea li-acid tse mafura kapa hydrogenation kamora ho kenngoa esterification. Hydrogenation e tobileng ea li-acid tse mafura ho hlahisa li-alcohol tse mafura e beha litlhoko tse phahameng tsa thepa lisebelisoa.

Tekanyo ea karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale bakeng sa hydrogenation ea mafura a acid ho alcohols tse mafura:

RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O

Tekanyo ea lik'hemik'hale ea karabelo bakeng sa hydrogenation ea li-ester tsa mafura a acid ho li-alcohols tse mafura:

RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH

Mokhoa oa hydrogenation o nang le khatello e phahameng o kenyelletsa ts'ebetso ea bethe e tsitsitseng le ts'ebetso ea bethe e emisitsoeng, empa lits'ebetso tsa bona tsa motheo tsa theknoloji lia tšoana.

3.2. Mokhoa oa Ziegler

Ho sebelisoa ethylene e le thepa e tala ho arabela le trialkylaluminum, metsoako ea aluminium alkoxide e hlahisoa ka kholo ea ketane le oxidation, ebe lino tse tahang tse mafura li fumanoa ka hydrolysis, neutralization le fractional distillation.

Mokhoa ona, o qapiloeng ke K. Ziegler ka 1954, o ile oa sebelisoa ka lekhetlo la pele khoebong ke Continental Oil Company ea United States ka 1962, o hlahisa alcohols tse lekanang le khabone tse otlolohileng. Likarabelo tse kholo tsa mokhoa ona oa tlhahiso li kenyelletsa mehato e latelang:

Ho lokisoa ha triethylaluminum (hydrogenation le karabelo ea ho eketsa):

Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H

3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃

Ho lokisoa ha alkylaluminum (karabelo ea kholo ea ketane):

Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al

Ho lokisoa ha alkoxide ea aluminium (karabelo ea oxidation):

R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃

Ho lokisoa ha alcohols tse mafura (karabelo ea hydrolysis):

Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH

or

Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH

3.3. Mokhoa oa ho Kopanya Oxo

Li-olefin, carbon monoxide le haedrojene li etsoa li-aldehyde tlas'a maemo a catalyst le a khatello. Aldehyde e na le athomo e le 'ngoe ea khabone ho feta olefin e tala. Li-alcohol tse mafura li fumanoa ka hydrogenation ea li-aldehydes.

Karabelo ena ea olefin hydroformylation (karabelo ea OXO) e ile ea sibolloa ke setsebi sa k'hemistri sa Jeremane O. Roelen ka 1938.

Karabelo ea OXO ke e latelang:

Karabelo ea Hydroformylation

4. Likopo le Ntlafatso ea 'Maraka ea Lihlahisoa tsa Joala bo Mafura

Lino tse tahang tsa tlhaho tse nang le mafura a boleng bo holimo li sebetsa e le thepa ea motheo bakeng sa lihlahisoa tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale tse kang sesepa, li-surfactant le li-plasticizer tsa polasetiki. Lihlahisoa tse likete tsa lik'hemik'hale tse ntle li etsoa ho tsona, tse sebelisoang haholo makaleng a kenyeletsang indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale, peterole, tšepe, masela, mechini, merafo, kaho, polasetiki, rabara, letlalo, ho etsa pampiri, lipalangoang, lijo, meriana le bophelo bo botle, indasteri ea lik'hemik'hale ea letsatsi le letsatsi le temo.

Lino tse nang le mafura li ka sebelisoa ho hlahisa lintho tse ngata tse tsoang ho tsona. Li-surfactant tse thehiloeng ho joala e bile sehlopha se holang ka potlako har'a mefuta eohle ea li-surfactant ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1980. Jwalo ka metsoako e sebetsang ea sesepa, li na le thepa e ntle haholo ho kenyeletsoa le detergent e matla, ho lumellana hantle, ho foamela ho fokolang, ho bola ha lintho tse phelang hantle, ho hanyetsa metsi a thata le ts'ebetso e ntle ea ho hlatsoa metsing a mocheso o tlase. Butle-butle li nkela linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) le dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sebaka hore e be lisebelisoa tse tala tsa sesepa sa moloko oa boraro. Lihlahisoa tse emelang ka ho fetisisa mona li kenyelletsa AEO3 ho ea ho AEO9 tse entsoeng ho tsoa ho lino tse nang le mafura le ethylene oxide, tse ka fetisetsoang ho feta ho hlahisa AES. Li-surfactant tsena tse thehiloeng ho joala li na le mefuta e mengata ea ts'ebeliso le tlhoko e kholo ea 'maraka, li amana haufi-ufi le bophelo ba letsatsi le letsatsi le ntlafatso ea boleng ba bophelo, 'me li ithorisa ka limmaraka tse pharaletseng tsa 'nete le tse ka bang teng. Ka hona, li fana ka sebaka se seholo sa nts'etsopele bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lino tse nang le mafura, haholo-holo lino tse nang le mafura tsa tlhaho.

Li-additives tsa polasetiki ke thepa e thusang indastering ea polasetiki, 'me indasteri ea li-additives e ntse e hola hammoho le indasteri ea polasetiki. Nts'etsopele e potlakileng ea indasteri ea polasetiki ea Chaena e tsebahala haholo. Ka 1985, tšebeliso ea li-additives tse fapaneng tsa polasetiki lefatšeng ka bophara e fihlile ho lithane tse limilione tse 13, 'me li-plasticizer ke tse ling tsa li-additives tsa polasetiki tse sebelisoang haholo. Hona joale, bokhoni ba tlhahiso ea li-plasticizer tsa kantle ho naha bo fetile lithane tse limilione tse 4.5, ha bokhoni ba Chaena bo fetile lithane tse 500,000. Har'a li-plasticizer, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) le dioctyl phthalate (DOP) li ikarabella bakeng sa karolo e kholo ea tlhahiso. Ntle le phthalic anhydride, butanol le octanol le tsona ke thepa ea bohlokoa tlhahisong ea tsona. Hona joale, Chaena e ja lithane tse fetang 300,000 tsa butanol le octanol selemo le selemo ho hlahisa li-plasticizer tsena tse peli. Leha ho le jwalo, butanol le octanol di na le diketane tse kgutshwane tsa khabone, mme di-plasticizer tse hlahiswang ho tsona ha di sa kgona ho fihlela ditlhoko tsa ntshetsopele ya indasteri ya ho sebetsana le dipolasetiki mabapi le ho hanyetsa mocheso, ho hanyetsa boemo ba lehodimo le ho thibela motlakase. Hona jwale, di-alcohol tse nang le mafura tse telele tse kang C10, C12, C14, C16 le C18 di ntse di lekwa ho nkela butanol le octanol sebaka, tse ka hlahisang dihlahiswa tsa polasetiki tse nang le ho hanyetsa mocheso ho hoholo, ho hanyetsa boemo ba lehodimo le ho thibela motlakase, ka hona di atolosa tshebediso ya dipolasetiki. Ka hona, menyetla ya tshebediso ya di-alcohol tse nang le mafura tse telele indastering ya polasetiki e tshepisa haholo.

Lino tse nang le mafura a tlhaho li na le melemo e mengata ho feta lino tse entsoeng ka maiketsetso ts'ebelisong ea lik'hemik'hale ea letsatsi le letsatsi. Esita le haeba matšoao a tsona a 'mele le a lik'hemik'hale a tšoana, bareki ba ntse ba khetha lino tse nang le mafura a tlhaho, e leng se fetohileng mokhoa o atileng oa "botala". Ka hona, lino tse nang le mafura a tlhaho ke thepa e ntle indastering ea litlolo bakeng sa tlhahiso ea lihlahisoa tse kang sesepa sa metsi le setlolo, sesepa sa meno le li-emulsion tsa litlolo.