- Yintoni iutywala obunamafutha
Ii-fatty alcohols zii-alcohols ze-aliphatic ezinee-carbon chain ze-athomu ze-carbon ezisi-8 ukuya kwezingama-22. Ii-fatty alcohols zihlala zinenani elifanayo lee-athomu ze-carbon kunye neqela le-hydroxyl elinamathele esiphelweni se-carbon chain.
Zezinye zezinto ezisetyenziswa kwi-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwiisepha, kunye nefomula eqhelekileyo ye-ROH. Kwi-alcohols ezikumgangatho we-detergent, i-R ngokubanzi liqela le-hydrocarbon ukusuka kwi-C12 ukuya kwi-C18. Ezi alcohols zinamafutha aphezulu ekhabhoni zineempawu ze-amphiphilic, oko kuthetha ukuba iimolekyuli zazo ziqulathe amaqela e-hydrophobic afana nee-hydrocarbon chains kunye namaqela e-hydrophilic afana namaqela e-hydroxyl. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokunyibilika kwazo okuphantsi kakhulu emanzini, kuyimfuneko ukongeza amaqela e-hydrophilic okanye ukuguqula iqela le-hydroxyl libe liqela le-sulfate. Kuphela xa ixabiso lebhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic lifikelela kwinqanaba elifunekayo, ukuze i-fatty alcohol derivative ifumane amaqela aneleyo e-hydrophilic ukuze inyibilike emanzini kwaye yenze ii-aggregates (i-micelles, apho i-fatty alcohol derivative isebenza njenge-surfactant. Umzekelo, i-dodecanol ayinyibiliki emanzini, kodwa xa iguqulwa ibe yi-sodium dodecyl sulfate, ukunyibilika kwayo emanzini kuyaphucuka ngenxa yokungeniswa kweqela le-sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), okuyenza ikwazi ukwenza ii-micelles emanzini. Kwinqanaba elithile, ibonisa umsebenzi ogqwesileyo womphezulu. Ngenxa yale mpawu, abantu baye bavelisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-surfactants ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu besebenzisa ii-fatty alcohols njengezinto eziluhlaza.
2. Inkqubo yophuhliso lwee-alcohols ezinamafutha
Ekuqaleni ii-alcohols ezinamafutha zaveliswa kwi-spermaceti. Ii-alcohols ezinamafutha ezixutyiweyo, emva kokufakwa kwe-sulfonation kunye nokungafakwa kwe-neutralization, zenze ii-sulfates, ezaziyenye yee-detergents zokuqala ze-anionic. Kamva, ioyile yekhokhonathi, ioyile yesundu, kunye ne-beef tallow, eziyimithombo emininzi, zaphuhliswa zaza zasetyenziswa njengezinto eziluhlaza. Ii-fatty acids ezifunyenwe nge-hydrolysis zancitshiswa zaba zii-alcohols, ezibizwa ngokuba zii-natural fatty alcohols. Emva kophuhliso lweshishini le-petrochemical, ii-fatty alcohols eziveliswa kusetyenziswa iimveliso zepetroleum njengezinto eziluhlaza zaziwa ngokuba zii-synthetic fatty alcohols. Iindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvelisa ii-fatty alcohols ziquka i-hydrogenation ephezulu yoxinzelelo, inkqubo ye-Ziegler, kunye nenkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-oxo. Ukuba imaski yeenwele ine-unsaturated fatty alcohols, inokulungisa kwaye yondle iinwele; ukongeza ii-fatty alcohols kwi-lip gloss kuphucula ukuguda kwemveliso ngexesha lokusetyenziswa.
3. Indlela yokuvelisa i-fatty alcohols
3.1Indlela yokufakelwa kweHydrogenation yoxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ii-alcohols ezinamafutha zifumaneka ngokufakwa kwe-hydrogenation enoxinzelelo oluphezulu kusetyenziswa iioyile zezilwanyana nemifuno njengezinto eziluhlaza. Kwimizi-mveliso, ioyile eluhlaza iqala inyangwe kwangaphambili ize ifakelwe i-alcohol (oko kukuthi, i-transesterification) ukuze iguqulwe ibe yi-fatty acids ngaphambi kokuba ifakwe i-hydrogenation. Ii-fatty alcohols zinokuveliswa ngokufakwa kwe-hydrogenation ngqo yee-fatty acids okanye i-hydrogenation emva kokufakwa kwe-esterification. Ukufakwa kwe-hydrogenation ngqo kwee-fatty acids ukuvelisa ii-fatty alcohols kubeka iimfuno eziphezulu zezinto kwizixhobo.
I-equation yempendulo yekhemikhali ye-hydrogenation ye-fatty acids kwi-fatty alcohols:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
I-equation yempendulo yekhemikhali ye-hydrogenation yee-esters ze-fatty acid kwi-fatty alcohols:
I-RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → I-RCH₂OH + I-R′OH
Indlela ye-hydrogenation enoxinzelelo oluphezulu ibandakanya inkqubo yebhedi esisigxina kunye nenkqubo yebhedi exhonyiweyo, kodwa iinkqubo zabo zobuchwepheshe ezisisiseko ziyafana.
3.2. Indlela yeZiegler
Ukusebenzisa i-ethylene njengezinto eziluhlaza ukuze kusebenze i-trialkylaluminum, ii-compounds ze-aluminium alkoxide ziveliswa ngokukhula kwe-chain kunye ne-oxidation, kwaye emva koko ii-fatty alcohols zifunyanwa nge-hydrolysis, i-neutralization kunye ne-fractional distillation.
Le ndlela yaqalwa nguK. Ziegler ngo-1954, yaqala ukusetyenziswa ngorhwebo yiContinental Oil Company yase-United States ngo-1962, ivelisa i-straight-chain even-carbon alcohols. Iimpendulo eziphambili zale ndlela yemveliso ziquka la manyathelo alandelayo:
Ukulungiswa kwe-triethylaluminum (i-hydrogenation kunye ne-addition reaction):
IAl + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Ukulungiswa kwe-alkylaluminum (impendulo yokukhula kwetyathanga):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Ukulungiswa kwe-aluminium alkoxide (impendulo ye-oxidation):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Ukulungiswa kwe-fatty alcohols (i-hydrolysis reaction):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Indlela yokwenziwa kwe-Oxo
Ii-olefin, i-carbon monoxide kunye ne-hydrogen zenziwa zibe yi-aldehydes phantsi kweemeko ze-catalyst kunye ne-pressurized. I-aldehyde ine-atom enye yekhabhoni engaphezulu kune-olefin eluhlaza. Ii-alcohols ezinamafutha zifunyanwa nge-hydrogenation ye-aldehydes.
Le reaction ye-olefin hydroformylation (i-OXO reaction) yafunyanwa yikhemisti yaseJamani u-O. Roelen ngo-1938.
Impendulo ye-OXO yile ilandelayo:
Impendulo ye-Hydroformyl
4.Izicelo kunye noPhuhliso lweMarike yeeMveliso zoTywala oluNamanqatha
Iialcohol ezinamafutha zendalo ezikumgangatho ophezulu zisebenza njengezinto ezisisiseko kwiimveliso zeekhemikhali ezintle ezifana neesepha, ii-surfactants kunye neeplastiki. Amawaka eemveliso zeekhemikhali ezintle zenziwa kuzo, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kumacandelo aquka ishishini leekhemikhali, ipetroli, i-metallurgy, amalaphu, oomatshini, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ukwakhiwa, iiplastiki, irabha, isikhumba, ukwenza iphepha, uthutho, ukutya, amayeza kunye nempilo, ishishini leekhemikhali zemihla ngemihla kunye nezolimo.
Ii-alcohols ezinamafutha zingasetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izinto ezininzi eziphuma kuzo. Ii-surfactants ezisekelwe kutywala beziludidi olukhula ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zee-surfactants ukususela ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Njengezithako zesepha ezisebenzayo, zineempawu ezintle eziquka ukucoca okunamandla, ukuhambelana okuhle, ukubila okuphantsi, ukubola okukulungeleyo, ukumelana namanzi aqinileyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokuhlamba emanzini ashushu aphantsi. Zithatha indawo ye-linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) kunye ne-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid ukuze zibe zizinto zesepha zesizukulwana sesithathu. Iimveliso ezimele kakhulu apha ziquka i-AEO3 ukuya kwi-AEO9 eyenziwe kwi-fatty alcohols kunye ne-ethylene oxide, enokuthi i-sulfonated ngakumbi ukuvelisa i-AES. Ezi surfactants ezisekelwe kutywala zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kunye nemfuno enkulu yemarike, zinxulumene kakhulu nobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nokuphuculwa komgangatho wobomi, kwaye ziqhayisa ngeemarike ezibanzi nezinokubakho. Ke ngoko, zibonelela ngendawo enkulu yophuhliso lwemveliso yee-fatty alcohols, ngakumbi ii-fatty alcohols zendalo.
Izongezo zeplastiki zizinto eziluncedo kushishino lweplastiki, kwaye ishishini lokongeza likhula ngaxeshanye neshishini leplastiki. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lweshishini leplastiki laseTshayina luyaziwa kakhulu. Ngo-1985, ukusetyenziswa kweentlobo ngeentlobo zezongezo zeplastiki kwihlabathi liphela kwafikelela kwi-13 yezigidi zeetoni, kwaye iiplastiki ziphakathi kwezona zongezo zeplastiki zisetyenziswa kakhulu. Okwangoku, amandla emveliso yangaphandle yeeplastiki adlule kwi-4.5 yezigidi zeetoni, ngelixa amandla eTshayina adlule kwi-500,000 yeetoni. Phakathi kweeplastiki, i-dibutyl phthalate (DBP) kunye ne-dioctyl phthalate (DOP) zinegalelo elikhulu kwimveliso. Ngaphandle kwe-phthalic anhydride, i-butanol kunye ne-octanol nazo zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwimveliso yazo. Okwangoku, iTshayina isebenzisa ngaphezu kwe-300,000 yeetoni ze-butanol kunye ne-octanol minyaka le ukuvelisa ezi plastiki zimbini. Nangona kunjalo, i-butanol kunye ne-octanol zinemixokelelwane yekhabhoni emifutshane, kwaye iiplastiki eziveliswa kuzo azisenakwanelisa iimfuno zophuhliso lweshishini lokucubungula iiplastiki ngokubhekiselele ekumelaneni nobushushu, ukumelana nemozulu kunye nokufakelwa kombane. Okwangoku, ii-alcohols ezinamafutha ezinde ezifana ne-C10, C12, C14, C16 kunye ne-C18 ziyavavanywa ukuze zithathe indawo ye-butanol kunye ne-octanol, ezinokuvelisa iimveliso zeplastiki ezinokumelana nobushushu obuhle, ukumelana nemozulu kunye nokufakelwa kombane, ngaloo ndlela zandisa ukusetyenziswa kweeplastiki. Ke ngoko, amathuba okusetyenziswa kwee-alcohols ezinamafutha ezinde kwishishini leplastiki athembisa kakhulu.
Iialcohol ezinamafutha endalo zineengenelo ezingaphezulu kuneealcohol ezenziweyo kwiikhemikhali zemihla ngemihla. Nokuba iimpawu zazo zomzimba nezekhemikhali ziyafana, abathengi basakhetha iialcohol zendalo, eziye zaba ngumkhwa "oluhlaza". Ngenxa yoko, iialcohol ezinamafutha endalo zizinto ezifanelekileyo kwishishini lezithambiso zokuvelisa iimveliso ezifana nesepha zolwelo kunye nezithambiso, ii-toothpastes kunye nee-emulsions zobuhle.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Epreli-02-2026