- Kodi ndi chiyanimowa wochuluka
Ma alcohols amafuta ndi ma alcohols a aliphatic okhala ndi unyolo wa kaboni wa maatomu a kaboni 8 mpaka 22. Ma alcohols amafuta nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maatomu a kaboni ofanana ndi gulu la hydroxyl lomwe limalumikizidwa kumapeto kwa unyolo wa kaboni.
Ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zopangira ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu sopo, ndi formula yonse ya ROH. Pa ma alcohols a detergent-grade, R nthawi zambiri ndi gulu la hydrocarbon la C12 mpaka C18. Ma alcohols okhala ndi mafuta ambiri okhala ndi mpweya wambiri amakhala ndi mphamvu zozungulira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mamolekyu awo ali ndi magulu a hydrophobic monga ma hydrocarbon chains ndi magulu a hydrophilic monga magulu a hydroxyl. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusungunuka kochepa m'madzi, ndikofunikira kuwonjezera magulu a hydrophilic kapena kusintha gulu la hydroxyl kukhala gulu la sulfate. Pokhapokha ngati hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value ifika pamlingo wofunikira, kotero kuti mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku mowa amapeza magulu okwanira a hydrophilic kuti asungunuke m'madzi ndikupanga ma aggregates (micelles, ndi momwe mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku mowa amagwira ntchito ngati surfactant. Mwachitsanzo, dodecanol sisungunuka m'madzi, koma ikasinthidwa kukhala sodium dodecyl sulfate, kusungunuka kwake m'madzi kumawonjezeka chifukwa cha kulowetsedwa kwa gulu la sulfate (-SO2).₃⁻), zomwe zimathandiza kuti ipange ma micelles m'madzi. Pa kuchuluka kwake, imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pamwamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, anthu apanga ma surfactants osiyanasiyana omwe amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochulukirapo ngati zopangira.
2. Njira yopangira mowa wochuluka
Ma alcohols opaka mafuta poyamba ankapangidwa kuchokera ku umuna. Ma alcohols opaka mafuta osakanikirana, pambuyo pa sulfonation ndi neutralization, adapanga ma sulfate, omwe anali amodzi mwa zotsukira zoyambira za anionic. Pambuyo pake, mafuta a kokonati, mafuta a kanjedza, ndi nyama ya ng'ombe, zomwe ndi magwero ambiri, adapangidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira. Mafuta acids omwe amapezeka kudzera mu hydrolysis adachepetsedwa kukhala ma alcohols, omwe onse amatchedwa ma alcohols achilengedwe amafuta. Pambuyo pa chitukuko cha mafakitale a petrochemical, mafuta a alcohols opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta monga zopangira adayamba kudziwika kuti ma alcohols opaka mafuta. Njira zofunika kwambiri zopangira mafuta a alcohols ndi monga hydrogenation yothamanga kwambiri, njira ya Ziegler, ndi njira yopangira oxo. Ngati chigoba cha tsitsi chili ndi mafuta osakhuta, chimatha kukonza ndikudyetsa tsitsi; kuwonjezera mafuta a alcohols ku gloss ya milomo kumawonjezera kusalala kwa mankhwalawa panthawi yogwiritsa ntchito.
3. Njira yopangira mowa wochuluka
3.1Njira Yowonjezera Mphamvu ya Hydrogen
Mafuta oledzeretsa amapezeka kudzera mu hydrogenation yamphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta a nyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba ngati zinthu zopangira. M'mafakitale, mafuta oledzeretsa amayamba kukonzedwa kale ndipo amasinthidwa kukhala alcohol (monga, transesterification) kuti asinthe kukhala mafuta oledzeretsa asanayambe hydrogenation. Mafuta oledzeretsa amathanso kupangidwa ndi hydrogenation yachindunji ya mafuta oledzeretsa kapena hydrogenation atatha esterification. Hydrogenation yachindunji ya mafuta oledzeretsa kuti apange mafuta oledzeretsa imapangitsa kuti zipangizo zikhale ndi zinthu zambiri zofunika.
Chiyerekezo cha machitidwe a mankhwala cha hydrogenation ya mafuta acids ku mafuta ochulukirapo:
RCOOH + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + H₂O
Chiyerekezo cha machitidwe a mankhwala cha hydrogenation ya ma ester amafuta acid ku ma alcohols amafuta:
RCOOR′ + 2H₂ → RCH₂OH + R′OH
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito hydrogenation yamphamvu imaphatikizapo njira yokhazikika ya bedi ndi njira yopachikika ya bedi, koma njira zawo zoyambira zaukadaulo ndizofanana.
3.2. Njira ya Ziegler
Pogwiritsa ntchito ethylene ngati chinthu chopangira zinthu kuti chigwirizane ndi trialkylaluminum, mankhwala a aluminiyamu a alkoxide amapangidwa kudzera mu kukula kwa unyolo ndi okosijeni, kenako mafuta ophera amapezeka kudzera mu hydrolysis, neutralization ndi fractional distillation.
Njirayi inapangidwa ndi K. Ziegler mu 1954, ndipo inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa malonda ndi Continental Oil Company ku United States mu 1962, ndikupanga mowa wowongoka wa carbon alcohols. Zotsatira zazikulu za njira iyi yopangira ndi izi:
Kukonzekera triethylaluminum (hydrogenation ndi kuwonjezera):
Al + H₂ + 2Al(C₂H₅)₃ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₂H
3Al(C₂H₅)₂H + 3C₂H₄ → 3Al(C₂H₅)₃
Kukonzekera alkylaluminum (chain growth reaction):
Al(C₂H₅)₃ + 3nC₂H₄ → R₃Al
Kukonzekera kwa aluminiyamu alkoxide (machitidwe okosijeni):
R₃Al + O₂ → Al(OR)₃
Kukonzekera kwa mafuta ochulukirapo (hydrolysis reaction):
Al(OR)₃ + H₂SO₄ → Al₂(SO₄)₃ + 3ROH
or
Al(OR)₃ + H₂O → Al₂O₃ + 3ROH
3.3. Njira Yopangira Oxo
Ma olefini, carbon monoxide ndi hydrogen amapangidwa kukhala aldehydes pansi pa zinthu zoyambitsa komanso zopanikizika. Aldehyde ili ndi atomu imodzi ya carbon kuposa olefin yaiwisi. Mafuta ochulukirapo amapezeka ndi hydrogenation ya aldehydes.
Kuchita kwa olefin hydroformylation (OXO reaction) kumeneku kunapezeka ndi katswiri wa zamankhwala waku Germany O. Roelen mu 1938.
Machitidwe a OXO ndi awa:
Kuyankha kwa Hydroformylation
4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito ndi Kupanga Msika wa Zinthu Zoledzeretsa Zamafuta
Mowa wachilengedwe wapamwamba kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zoyambira zopangira mankhwala abwino monga sopo, ma surfactants ndi ma pulasitiki. Zinthu zambirimbiri zabwino zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zimenezi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo monga makampani opanga mankhwala, mafuta, zitsulo, nsalu, makina, migodi, zomangamanga, mapulasitiki, rabara, chikopa, kupanga mapepala, mayendedwe, chakudya, mankhwala ndi thanzi, makampani opanga mankhwala tsiku ndi tsiku komanso ulimi.
Ma alcohols okhala ndi mafuta angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ma surfactants okhala ndi mowa akhala gulu lomwe likukula mofulumira kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ma surfactants kuyambira m'ma 1980. Monga zosakaniza zogwiritsira ntchito sopo, ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri kuphatikizapo sopo wamphamvu, wogwirizana bwino, wopanda thovu, wokonzeka kuwonongeka, wokana madzi olimba komanso wosamba bwino m'madzi otentha pang'ono. Pang'onopang'ono akulowa m'malo mwa linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) ndi dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid kuti akhale zinthu zopangira sopo wa m'badwo wachitatu. Zinthu zomwe zimayimira kwambiri pano zikuphatikizapo AEO3 mpaka AEO9 yopangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta a alcohols ndi ethylene oxide, zomwe zimatha kupitilizidwanso kuti zipange AES. Ma surfactants okhala ndi mowa awa ali ndi ntchito zambiri komanso kufunikira kwakukulu pamsika, amagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku komanso kusintha kwa moyo, ndipo ali ndi misika yambiri komanso yomwe ingatheke. Chifukwa chake, amapereka malo ambiri opangira ma alcohols okhala ndi mafuta, makamaka ma alcohols achilengedwe amafuta.
Zowonjezera za pulasitiki ndi zinthu zopangira zothandizira makampani opanga mapulasitiki, ndipo makampani opanga zowonjezera akukula limodzi ndi makampani opanga mapulasitiki. Kukula mwachangu kwa makampani opanga mapulasitiki ku China kumadziwika bwino. Mu 1985, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za pulasitiki padziko lonse lapansi kunafika matani 13 miliyoni, ndipo mapulasitiki ndi ena mwa zinthu zowonjezera za pulasitiki zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Pakadali pano, mphamvu zopangira zakunja za mapulasitiki zapitirira matani 4.5 miliyoni, pomwe mphamvu ya China yapitirira matani 500,000. Pakati pa mapulasitiki, dibutyl phthalate (DBP) ndi dioctyl phthalate (DOP) ndizo zomwe zimagulitsa kwambiri. Kupatula phthalic anhydride, butanol ndi octanol nazonso ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga. Pakadali pano, China imagwiritsa ntchito matani opitilira 300,000 a butanol ndi octanol pachaka kuti ipange mapulasitiki awiriwa. Komabe, butanol ndi octanol zili ndi unyolo waufupi wa kaboni, ndipo mapulasitiki opangidwa kuchokera ku iwo sangakwaniritse zosowa za makampani opanga mapulasitiki pankhani yolimbana ndi kutentha, kukana nyengo komanso kutchinjiriza magetsi. Pakadali pano, ma alcohols okhala ndi unyolo wautali monga C10, C12, C14, C16 ndi C18 akuyesedwa kuti alowe m'malo mwa butanol ndi octanol, zomwe zimatha kupanga zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe zimalimbana bwino ndi kutentha, kukana nyengo komanso kutchinjiriza magetsi, motero zikukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki. Chifukwa chake, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ma alcohols okhala ndi unyolo wautali m'makampani opanga mapulasitiki ndikwabwino kwambiri.
Mowa wachilengedwe wokhala ndi mafuta uli ndi ubwino wambiri kuposa mowa wopangidwa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mankhwala. Ngakhale zizindikiro zake zakuthupi ndi za mankhwala zili zofanana, ogula amakondabe mowa wachilengedwe, womwe wakhala chizolowezi chodziwika bwino cha "zobiriwira". Chifukwa chake, mowa wachilengedwe wokhala ndi mafuta ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zopangira zodzoladzola monga sopo wamadzimadzi ndi mafuta odzola, mankhwala otsukira mano ndi zodzoladzola.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-02-2026