1,Surfactantsejiri makamwepụ mmanụ dị arọ
N'ihi oke viscosity na enweghị mmiri dị ukwuu nke mmanụ dị arọ, ọ na-eweta ọtụtụ nsogbu na mmegbu. Iji wepụta mmanụ dị arọ dị otú ahụ, a na-agba mmiri mmiri nke surfactants n'ime olulu mmiri ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ iji gbanwee mmanụ dị arọ dị elu ka ọ bụrụ emulsions mmanụ dị obere viscosity, nke a na-agbapụta n'elu. Ihe surfactants eji eme ihe na usoro mbelata viscosity mmanụ dị arọ a gụnyere sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, wdg. Maka emulsions mmanụ dị n'ime mmiri emepụtara, ọ dị mkpa ikewapụ mmiri ahụ, a na-ejikwa ụfọdụ surfactants ụlọ ọrụ dị ka demulsifiers maka mmiri ịkpọ nkụ. Ihe ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'ime mmanụ. Ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ cationic surfactants, ma ọ bụ naphthenic acids, asphaltic acids na nnu ígwè polyvalent ha. Enweghị ike iji mmanụ dị arọ pụrụ iche mee ihe site na nkeji mgbapụta nkịtị ma chọọ injection steam maka mgbake okpomọkụ. Iji mee ka mmetụta nke mgbake okpomọkụ ka mma, ọ dị mkpa iji surfactants. Ịgba ụfụfụ n'ime mmiri ọgwụ uzuoku nke ọma, ya bụ, ịgba ọgwụ ndị na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu na gas ndị na-anaghị agbaze agbaze, bụ otu n'ime ụzọ nkwadebe a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Ihe ndị na-eji ụfụfụ eme ihe bụ alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, na sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, wdg. Ebe ọ bụ na fluorinated surfactants nwere ọrụ dị elu n'elu ma kwụsie ike na asịd, alkali, oxygen, okpomọkụ na mmanụ, ha bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị elu dị mma. Iji mee ka mmanụ agbasasị gafere ngwa ngwa site na nhazi pore-throat nke nhazi ahụ ma ọ bụ mee ka mmanụ dị n'elu nhazi ahụ dị mfe ịkwaga, a chọrọ surfactants a na-akpọ ihe nkiri mgbasa ozi, ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.
2,Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmanụ dị nro dị ka waxy
Mgbe a na-ewepụta mmanụ waxy dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka a na-eme ihe mgbochi wax na iwepụ wax mgbe niile. A na-eji ihe na-egbochi wax na ihe na-ewepụ wax. Ihe ndị na-egbochi waxy dị ka ihe na-egbochi waxy dị ka ihe na-ewepụ waxy. Ihe ndị na-egbochi waxy dị ka ihe na-egbochi mmanụy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na mmiriy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na mmiriy dị ka ihe na-egbochi waxy. Ihe mbụ na-eme ihe iji gbochie waxy dị ka ịgbanwe ihe ndị dị na elu kristal waxy dị. Ihe ndị na-agbaze na mmanụy dị ka sulfonates na ihe ndị na-agbaze na amine. Ihe ndị na-agbaze na mmiriy dị ka ihe na-egbochi waxy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na mmiriy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na waxy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na waxy dị ka ihe na-agbaze na ihe ndị e ji arụ ọrụ. Ihe ndị dị na surfactants dịnụ gụnyere sodium alkyl sulfonates, nnu ammonium quaternary, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, na nnu sodium sulfonate ha, wdg. Ihe ndị a na-eji ewepụ wax na-adabakwa n'ụdị abụọ: a na-eji ndị na-agbaze mmanụ na ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax na mmanụ, a na-ejikwa ndị na-agbaze mmiri dị ka sulfonate-type, quaternary ammonium salt-type, polyether-type, Tween-type, OP-type surfactants, yana sulfate-esterified ma ọ bụ sulfoalkylated Peregal-type na OP-type surfactants, na ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax na mmiri. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ma n'ime obodo ma n'ụwa niile, ejikọtara mwepụ na mgbochi wax na organic, a jikọtakwara ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax na mmanụ na ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax na mmiri na organic iji mepụta ihe ndị na-ewepụ wax na-agwakọta. Ụdị ihe a na-ewepụ wax na-eji hydrocarbons aromatic na hydrocarbons aromatic agwakọta dị ka usoro mmanụ, yana ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị nro nwere mmetụta mwepụ wax dị ka usoro mmiri. Ọ bụrụ na ihe emulsifier ahọpụtara bụ ihe na-abụghị ionic surfactant nwere ebe igwe ojii kwesịrị ekwesị, ọ nwere ike iru ma ọ bụ gafere ebe igwe ojii ya na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru ebe a na-etinye wax n'ime olulu mmanụ, si otú a na-eme ka ihe na-ewepụ wax n'ụdị ngwakọta gbazee tupu ọ banye na ngalaba a na-etinye wax, kewaa ya n'ime ụdị ihe na-ewepụ wax abụọ, nke na-eme ka mwepụ wax n'otu oge ahụ pụta ìhè.
3,A na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime ụrọ kwụsiri ike eme ihe
Iji mee ka ụrọ kwụsie ike gụnyere akụkụ abụọ: igbochi ọzịza nke mineral ụrọ na igbochi mbugharị nke mineral ụrọ. Iji gbochie ọzịza ụrọ, enwere ike iji cationic surfactants dị ka ụdị nnu amine, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, ụdị nnu pyridine, na nnu imidazoline. Iji gbochie mbugharị nke mineral ụrọ, enwere ike iji surfactants nonionic-cationic nwere fluorine.
4,A na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka acidity dị na ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị nro mee ihe
Iji mee ka mmetụta acidization dịkwuo mma, ọ dị mkpa ka a tinye ihe mgbakwunye dị iche iche na ngwọta acid ahụ. Enwere ike iji surfactant ọ bụla nke dabara na ngwọta acid ahụ ma mee ka ọ dịrị mfe ịnweta ya dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidization. Ihe atụ gụnyere fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salts, na pyridinium salts n'etiti cationic surfactants, yana sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, ma ọ bụ sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers n'etiti amphoteric surfactants. Ụfọdụ surfactants, dị ka dodecyl sulfonic acid na nnu alkylamine ya, nwere ike ime ka ngwọta acid dị na mmanụ mepụta emulsion acid-in-oil, nke, mgbe ejiri ya dị ka mmiri ọrụ acidizing, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidity.
Ụfọdụ surfactants nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka demulsifiers maka ime ka mmiri dị ọcha. Surfactants nwere usoro alaka, dị ka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether na polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka demulsifiers na-eme ka acid dị ọcha.
Enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nhicha acid sped, gụnyere ụdị nnu amine, ụdị nnu ammonium quaternary, ụdị nnu pyridinium, ụdị non-ionic, amphoteric, na fluorinated surfactants.
Ụfọdụ surfactants na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi acidizing sludge, dị ka surfactants ndị na-agbaze mmanụ dịka alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, na nnu ammonium quaternary. N'ihi na ha anaghị agbaze nke ọma, enwere ike iji surfactants na-abụghị ionic gbasaa ha na mmiri acid.
Iji mee ka mmetụta acidity dịkwuo mma, a ga-etinye ihe ndị na-agbanwe mmiri mmiri na mmiri acid iji gbanwee ike mmiri mmiri nke mpaghara dị nso na olulu mmiri site na mmiri mmanụ gaa na mmiri mmiri. Ngwakọta dịka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether na phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether na-abanye site na nhazi dị ka oyi akwa adsorption bụ isi, si otú a na-enweta mgbanwe ike mmiri mmiri.
Tinyere nke ahụ, a na-eji ụfọdụ surfactants, dị ka fatty amine hydrochloride, quaternary ammonium salts, ma ọ bụ non-ionic-anionic surfactants, dị ka ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ iji kwadebe mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke ụfụfụ acid, nke na-emezu ebumnuche nke igbochi mmeghachi omume, igbochi ire ere, na ime ka ihe ndị dị omimi dị na acid dị ka acid. N'aka nke ọzọ, enwere ike iji ụfụfụ ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ime ka acid dị: mgbe a gbanyechara ya n'ime nhazi ahụ, a na-agba mmiri acid ma emechaa. Mmetụta Jamin nke afụfụ dị na ụfụfụ ahụ na-emepụta nwere ike ịtụgharị mmiri acid ahụ, na-amanye ya ka ọ gbazee oyi akwa ndị na-adịghị agafe agafe ma si otú a na-eme ka mmetụta acid dị mma.
5,A na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ gbawaa
A na-ejikarị usoro mgbawa eme ihe n'ebe mmanụ na-anaghị agafe agafe. Ha gụnyere iji nrụgide agbaji nhazi ahụ, ịmepụta mgbawa, na ịkwado mgbawa ahụ site na iji ihe nkwado iji belata iguzogide mmiri mmiri, si otú a na-emezu ebumnuche nke ịbawanye mmepụta na ịgba ọgwụ. A na-eji surfactants emepụta ụfọdụ mmiri mgbawa dị ka otu n'ime ihe mejupụtara ha. A na-esi na mmiri, mmanụ, na emulsifiers kwadebe mmiri mgbawa mmanụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri. Ihe ndị e ji eme emulsifiers ejiri gụnyere ionic, non-ionic, na amphoteric surfactants. Ọ bụrụ na ejiri mmiri gbara ọkpụrụkpụ dị ka usoro mpụta na mmanụ dị ka usoro ime, enwere ike ịmepụta mmiri mgbawa mmanụ na-abanye n'ime mmiri (polymer emulsion). Enwere ike iji ụdị mmiri mgbawa a na okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 160°C ma nwee ike iwepụ mmiri na-akpaghị aka ma wepụta mmiri. Mmiri mgbawa ụfụfụ bụ ndị nwere mmiri dị ka usoro mgbasa na gas dị ka usoro mgbasa, nke ihe ndị bụ isi bụ mmiri, gas, na ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ ghara ịdị. A pụrụ iji alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, nnu ammonium quaternary, na surfactants ụdị OP mee ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị. Ngụkọta nke ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị na mmiri na-abụkarị 0.5–2%, oke nke olu nke usoro gas na olu ụfụfụ sitere na 0.5 ruo 0.9. A na-eji mmanụ emepụta mmiri na-eme ka mmanụ dị ka ihe mgbaze ma ọ bụ ihe mgbasa. Mmanụ ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọhịa bụ mmanụ nkịtị ma ọ bụ akụkụ ya dị arọ. Iji melite arụmọrụ okpomọkụ ha, a ga-agbakwunye mmanụ sulfonates mmanụ (nwere ibu molekul nke 300–750). Mmiri na-eme ka mmanụ dị na mmanụ gụnyekwara mmiri na-eme ka mmanụ dị na mmanụ na mmiri na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị na mmanụ. Nke mbụ na-eji anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, na non-ionic surfactants dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị ike. Mmiri ndị na-agbaji agbaji maka nhazi mmiri na-emetụta mmiri bụ emulsions ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ e ji ngwakọta nke mmanya na-aba n'anya (dị ka ethylene glycol) na mmanụ (dị ka kerosene) mee dị ka ihe mgbasa, mmiri carbon dioxide dị ka usoro mgbasa, na mmiri polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers sulfated dị ka ihe emulsifiers ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, nke a na-eji maka nhazi mmiri na-emetụta mmiri. Mmiri ndị na-agbaji agbaji maka mmepụta acidization na-eje ozi dị ka mmiri ndị na-agbaji agbaji na mmiri ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, nke a na-eji na nhazi carbonate ebe a na-eme usoro abụọ ahụ n'otu oge. Ndị metụtara surfactants bụ ụfụfụ acid na emulsions acid; nke mbụ na-eji alkyl sulfonates ma ọ bụ alkyl benzene sulfonates dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, nke ikpeazụ na-ejikwa surfactants ụdị sulfonate dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro. Dị ka mmiri ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, mmiri ndị na-agbaji agbaji na-ejikwa surfactants dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, ihe mgbakwunye nhicha, na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị nro, nke a gaghị akọwacha ebe a.
6,Ejiri ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ihe eji achịkwa profaịlụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ihe ndị a na-eji emechi ihe.
Iji melite arụmọrụ nke mmepe ide mmiri ma gbochie ọnụego mmụba nke mbelata mmiri mmanụ, ọ dị mkpa ịgbanwe profaịlụ nnabata mmiri na olulu mmiri ma tinye usoro nkwụnye mmiri na olulu mmiri mmepụta dị ka ụzọ mkpali. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ njikwa profaịlụ na nkwụnye mmiri ndị a na-ejikarị ụfọdụ surfactants. A na-akwadebe ihe njikwa profaịlụ gel HPC/SDS site na ịgwakọta hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) na sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) na mmiri dị ọcha. A na-agbaze sodium alkyl sulfonate na alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride n'otu n'otu na mmiri iji kwadebe mmiri abụọ na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-agbanye n'ime nhazi ahụ n'usoro. Mmiri abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na-ezukọ na nhazi ahụ, na-emepụta alkyl sulfite precipitates nke alkyl trimethyl amine, nke na-egbochi akwa ndị na-adịgide adịgide. Enwere ike iji polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, wdg, dị ka ihe na-afụ ụfụfụ. A na-agbaze ha na mmiri iji kwadebe mmiri na-arụ ọrụ, nke a na-agbazekwa n'ime nhazi ahụ na mmiri carbon dioxide na-arụ ọrụ. Nke a na-emepụta ụfụfụ n'ime nhazi ahụ (karịsịa n'ime akwa ndị na-adịgide adịgide), na-akpata mkpọchi ma na-enweta mmetụta njikwa profaịlụ. A na-eji surfactant nnu nke ụdị quaternary ammonium dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ gbazee, na-agbaze na silica sol nke e ji ammonium sulfate na iko mmiri kwadebe, ma gbanye ya n'ime nhazi ahụ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-agba gas na-anaghị ejikọta ọnụ (gas eke ma ọ bụ gas chlorine), nke na-ebu ụzọ mepụta ụfụfụ nwere mmiri dị ka ihe na-agbasa n'ime nhazi ahụ, wee tinye gel silica sol iji mepụta ụfụfụ siri ike dị ka ihe na-agbasa, si otú a na-egbochi akwa ndị na-adịgide adịgide ma na-enweta njikwa profaịlụ. Site na iji surfactants ụdị sulfonate dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụfụfụ dị elu na ngwakọta molekul dị elu dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọkpụrụkpụ na ụfụfụ sie ike, na-esote ịgbanye gas ma ọ bụ ihe na-emepụta gas, a na-emepụta ụfụfụ dabere na mmiri n'elu ma ọ bụ na nhazi ahụ. Na oyi akwa mmanụ, nnukwu ọnụọgụ nke surfactant na-agagharị na njikọta mmanụ na mmiri, na-eme ka ụfụfụ ahụ gbajie, yabụ na ọ naghị egbochi oyi akwa mmanụ ma bụrụ ihe na-eme ka mmiri gbanye mmanụ. Ihe na-eme ka mmiri sie simenti dabere na mmanụ bụ nkwụsịtụ nke simenti na mmanụ. Elu simenti na-amịpụta mmiri. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime oyi akwa na-emepụta mmiri, mmiri na-ewepụ mmanụ ahụ n'elu simenti ma na-emeghachi omume na simenti ahụ, na-eme ka simenti ahụ sie ike ma gbochie oyi akwa na-emepụta mmiri. Iji mee ka mmiri dị mma nke ihe nnọchite a, a na-agbakwụnyekarị surfactants ụdị carboxylate na sulfonate. Ihe nnọchite anya mmiri micellar nke dabeere na mmiri bụ ihe ngwọta micellar nke mejupụtara ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, wdg. Mgbe ọ zutere mmiri nnu dị ukwuu na nhazi ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịghọ viscous iji nweta mmetụta nkwụnye mmiri. Ihe nnọchite anya mmiri cationic surfactant nke dabere na mmiri ma ọ bụ mmanụ, nke mejupụtara alkyl carboxylate na alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, na-emetụta naanị nhazi ájá. Ihe nnọchite anya mmanụ dị arọ nke na-arụ ọrụ bụ mmanụ dị arọ nke a gbazere na emulsifiers mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ. Mgbe ọ zutere mmiri na nhazi ahụ, ọ na-emepụta emulsion mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ dị elu iji nweta nkwụnye mmiri. A na-akwadebe ihe na-etinye mmanụ n'ime mmiri site n'itinye mmanụ dị arọ n'ime mmiri site na iji cationic surfactants dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmanụ n'ime mmiri dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmanụ dị ...
7,Ihe ndị na-eme ka ájá dị nro maka njikwa ájá
Tupu a rụọ ọrụ njikwa ájá, a ga-agba mmiri ụfọdụ nke na-arụ ọrụ nke e ji surfactants mee ka ọ dị ka mmiri mmiri tupu e hichaa ihe e guzobere, ka o wee mee ka mmetụta njikwa ájá ka mma. Ọtụtụ n'ime surfactants ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a bụ anionic surfactants.
8,Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịkpọnwụ mmanụ
N'ọkwa mgbake mmanụ mbụ na nke abụọ, a na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime mmanụ emepụta ihe. E mepụtala ọgbọ atọ nke ngwaahịa. Ọgbọ nke mbụ gụnyere carboxylates, sulfates, na sulfonates. Ọgbọ nke abụọ nwere obere ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime molekul dị ka OP, Pegosperse, na mmanụ castor sulfonated. Ọgbọ nke atọ bụ ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime molekul dị elu. N'ọkwa mgbake mmanụ nke abụọ na nke ikpeazụ nke oge mgbake mmanụ, mmanụ a na-emepụta na-adịkarị n'ụdị emulsions mmanụ na mmiri. E nwere ụdị ihe anọ na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime molekul dị, dị ka tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride na didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Ndị a nwere ike imeghachi omume na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime mmanụ iji gbanwee uru nguzozi hydrophilic-lipophilic ha, ma ọ bụ tinye ya n'elu ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime molekul dị mmiri iji gbanwee ike mmiri ha ma mebie emulsion mmanụ na mmiri. Tinyere nke ahụ, enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants anionic nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka emulsifiers mmiri-na-mmanụ na surfactants nonionic na-agbaze mmanụ dị ka demulsifiers maka emulsions mmanụ-na-mmiri.
9,Ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro maka ọgwụgwọ mmiri
Mgbe e kewapụrụ mmanụ ala na mmiri mmanụ e mepụtara n'olulu mmanụ, a ga-agwọ mmiri e mepụtara ka o wee mezuo ihe achọrọ maka ịgbagharị ya. Ebumnuche nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri gụnyere akụkụ isii: mgbochi nchara, mgbochi nha, ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi, iwepụ oxygen, iwepụ mmanụ, na iwepụ ihe siri ike siri ike. Ya mere, a na-eji ihe mgbochi nchara, ihe mgbochi nha, nje bacteria, ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha, ihe na-ewepụ mmanụ, ihe na-eme ka ọ dị ọcha, wdg. Ihe ndị a na-akpọ surfactants ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na ha bụ ndị a:
Ihe ndị na-egbochi nchara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke a na-eji eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi nchara gụnyere nnu nke alkyl sulfonic acid, alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, nnu alkyl amine kwụ ọtọ, nnu ammonium quaternary, nnu alkyl pyridinium, nnu nke imidazolines na ihe ndị sitere na ha, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, nnu amino dị iche iche dị n'ime quaternary, na nnu dị n'ime nke alkyls bis(polyoxyethylene) na ihe ndị sitere na ha. Surfactants eji dị ka ihe mgbochi scale gụnyere phosphate esters, sulfate esters, acetates, carboxylates, na ihe ndị mejupụtara polyoxyethylene ha. Nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke sulfonate esters na carboxylates dị mma karịa nke phosphate esters na sulfate esters. Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-egbu nje bacteria gụnyere nnu alkyl amine kwụ ọtọ, nnu ammonium quaternary, nnu alkyl pyridinium, nnu imidazolines na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ha, nnu dị iche iche nke ammonium quaternary, na nnu dị n'ime nke alkyls bis(polyoxyethylene) na ihe ndị e ji emepụta ha. Ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe ndị na-ewepụ mmanụ bụ ndị nwere alaka osisi ma nwee otu sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10,Ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime mmiri maka idei mmiri kemịkalụ na mgbake mmanụ
Nweghachi mmanụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ nwere ike iwepụta pasentị 25 – 50 nke mmanụ ala dị n'okpuru ala, ebe nnukwu mmanụ ala dị n'okpuru ala na-anọgide n'okpuru ala ma enweghị ike iwepụta ya. Nweghachi mmanụ ala nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ mgbake mmanụ ka mma. Nweghachi mmanụ ala nwere ike ime ka arụmọrụ mgbake mmanụ ka mma. Nweghachi mmanụ ala nwere ike ime ka usoro ide mmiri kemịkalụ na-ejikarị eme ihe, ya bụ, ịgbakwunye ụfọdụ kemịkalụ na mmiri a gbara ọgwụ iji melite arụmọrụ ide mmiri mmiri. N'ime kemịkalụ ndị e ji mee ihe, ụfọdụ bụ nke ndị na-emepụta surfactant, a na-ewebatakwa ọnọdụ ha n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi dịka ndị a: A na-akpọ usoro ide mmiri kemịkalụ nke nwere surfactant dị ka ihe bụ isi a na-akpọ surfactant flooding. Surfactants na-arụ ọrụ karịsịa n'imeziwanye mgbake mmanụ site na ibelata nrụgide interfacial mmanụ na mmiri na ịbawanye ọnụọgụ capillary. Ebe ọ bụ na elu nke ihe ndị e ji mee ka ájá dị na-acha ọkụ nke ọma, surfactants eji bụkarị anionic surfactants, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụkwa sulfonate surfactants. A na-eme ya site na iji sulfonating petroleum fractions nwere nnukwu hydrocarbon aromatic ọdịnaya site na iji sulfonating (dị ka sulfur trioxide) wee na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè na alkali. Nkọwapụta ya: ihe na-arụ ọrụ 50% - 80%, mmanụ mineral 5% - 30%, mmiri 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Mmanụ sulfonates na-eguzogide okpomọkụ dị elu mana ọ bụghị nnu na ion metal valent dị elu. A na-esi na hydrocarbons ndị kwekọrọ na ha emepụta sulfonates sịntetik site na iji usoro njikọta kwekọrọ. N'ime ha, α-olefin sulfonates na-eguzogide nnu na ion metal valent dị elu. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji ụfọdụ surfactants anionic-nonionic na carboxylate surfactants maka idei mmiri mmanụ. Idei mmiri surfactant chọrọ ụdị ihe mgbakwunye abụọ: otu bụ cosurfactants, dị ka isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, wdg; nke ọzọ bụ electrolytes, gụnyere asịd, alkalis, na nnu, ọkachasị nnu. Ha nwere ike ibelata hydrophilicity nke surfactants, mụbaa lipophilicity, ma na-arụkwa ọrụ site na ịgbanwe uru nguzozi hydrophilic-lipophilic nke surfactants. Iji belata mfu nke surfactants ma melite arụmọrụ akụ na ụba, surfactant flooding na-ejikwa ihe kemịkalụ a na-akpọ ihe ndị e ji chụọ àjà. Ihe ndị enwere ike iji dị ka ihe ndị e ji chụọ àjà gụnyere ihe alkaline, polycarboxylic acid na nnu ha, oligomers na polymers nwekwara ike iji dị ka ihe e ji chụọ àjà, lignosulfonates na ngwaahịa ha gbanwere agbanwe bụkwa ụdị ihe e ji chụọ àjà. Usoro ide mmiri mmanụ nke na-eji ihe abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa bụ isi maka ide mmiri mmanụ kemịkalụ a na-akpọ ide mmiri mejupụtara. Usoro ide mmiri mmanụ ndị dị otú ahụ metụtara surfactants gụnyere: surfactant + polymer maka ide mmiri dị arọ; alkali + surfactant maka ide mmiri surfactant nke alkali na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ ide mmiri alkali na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma; alkali + surfactant + polymer maka ide mmiri mejupụtara ternary. Ide mmiri mejupụtara na-enwekarị mgbake mmanụ dị elu karịa ide mmiri otu otu. Dịka nyocha nke usoro mmepe ugbu a n'ụlọ na mba ofesi si kwuo, ide mmiri mejupụtara ternary nwere uru dị elu karịa ide mmiri mejupụtara binary. Ihe ndị e ji eme ihe n'ime mmiri mmiri dị iche iche bụ sulfonates petroleum, a na-ejikọkarị ha na sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid na carboxylate nke polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, wdg, iji melite iguzogide nnu ha. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ma mba dị iche iche ma mba ofesi etinyela aka na nnyocha na ojiji nke biosurfactants, dị ka rhamnolipids, sopholipid fermentation broths, yana carboxylates agwakọtara eke na alkali lignin, wdg, nke enwetala mmetụta dị mma na mmiri mmiri mmanụ na ule ubi na ụlọ nyocha.
Oge ozi: Maachị-26-2026