1,Ngā matū horoiwhakamahia mōte tango hinu taumaha
Nā te matotoru nui me te kore e rere o te hinu taumaha, he maha ngā uauatanga ki te whakamahi. Hei tango i tēnei hinu taumaha, ka werohia ngā otinga wai o ngā surfactants ki roto i te poka wai hei huri i te hinu taumaha matotoru nui hei hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai iti te matotoru, ka panahia ki te mata. Ko ngā surfactants e whakamahia ana i roto i tēnei tikanga whakaemulsification me te whakaiti matotoru o te hinu taumaha ko te sodium alkyl sulfonate, te polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, te polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, te polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, te sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, me ētahi atu. Mō ngā whakaemulsions hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai kua hangaia, me wehe te wai, ā, ka whakamahia hoki ētahi surfactants ahumahi hei tango i ngā matū mō te whakamaroke. Ko ēnei tango matū he emulsifiers wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu. Ko ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā surfactants cationic, ngā waikawa naphthenic rānei, ngā waikawa asphaltic me ō rātou tote whakarewa polyvalent. Kāore e taea te whakamahi i te hinu taumaha motuhake e ngā wae papu tikanga, ā, me werohanga mamaoa hei whakaora wera. Hei whakapai ake i te pānga o te whakaora wera, me whakamahi ngā matū horoi. Ko te werohanga o te pahuka ki roto i te poka werohanga mamaoa, arā, ko te werohanga o ngā matū pahuka ātete-mahana teitei me ngā hau kāore e taea te whakapūpū, tētahi o ngā tikanga whakarite e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko ngā matū pahuka e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-ngā sulfonate olefin, ngā sulfonate petroleum, ngā ether waipiro polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfoalkylated, me ngā ether phenol polyoxyethylene alkyl sulfoalkylated, me ētahi atu. Nā te mea he nui te kaha o te mata o ngā surfactants fluorinated, ā, he pumau ki ngā waikawa, ki ngā kawakore, ki te hāora, ki te wera me te hinu, he tino pai ēnei hei hanga pahuka pāmahana teitei. Kia ngāwari ai te haere o te hinu marara mā roto i te hanganga pore-throat o te hanganga, kia ngāwari ai rānei te neke o te hinu i runga i te mata o te hanganga, me whakamahi ngā surfactants e kiia nei ko ngā kaihoko horapa kiriata, ā, ko ngā mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā surfactants polymer resin phenolic oxyalkylated.
2,Ngā matū horoi mō te tango hinu mata waki
I te tango i te hinu mata ware pi, me mahi pinepine te aukati ware pi me te tango ware pi. Ka whakamahia ngā matū horoi hei aukati ware pi me te tango ware pi. Ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana mō te aukati ware pi ko ngā matū horoi wairewa-hinu me ngā matū horoi wairewa-wai. Ko te mea tuatahi ka puta he pānga aukati ware pi mā te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o te mata tioata ware pi. Ko ngā matū horoi hinu-wairewa e whakamahia whānuitia ana ko ngā sulfonate petroleum me ngā matū horoi momo amine. Ka whai wāhi ngā matū horoi wairewa-wai ki te aukati ware pi mā te whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga o ngā mata e whakatakoto ana i te ware pi (pērā i ngā mata o ngā paipa hinu, ngā tokotoko ngote, me ngā taputapu). Ko ngā matū horoi e wātea ana ko ngā konutai alkyl sulfonates, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, ngā alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, ngā polyoxyethylene ethers hauwai kakara, me ō rātou tote konutai sulfonate, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana mō te tango ware pi ka taka ki roto i ngā wāhanga e rua: ko ngā mea wairewa-hinu ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tango ware pi hinu, me ngā mea wairewa-wai pērā i te momo-sulfonate, te momo-tote ammonium quaternary, te momo-polyether, te momo-Tween, te momo-OP, me ngā matū horoi momo-Peregal me te momo-OP kua whakapūtāhia, kua whakapūtāhia rānei, ka whakamahia i roto i ngā tango ware pi wai. I ngā tau tata nei, i roto i te motu me te ao whānui, kua whakakotahihia te tango me te ārai ware pi ki te waro, ā, kua whakakotahihia hoki ngā tango ware pi hinu me ngā tango ware pi wai ki te whakaputa i ngā tango ware pi momo-whakaranu. Ka whakamahia e tēnei momo tango ware pi ngā hauwai kakara me ngā hauwai kakara whakaranu hei wāhanga hinu, me ngā emulsifier me ngā pānga tango ware pi hei wāhanga wai. Ina he matū horoi kore-ionic te emulsifier kua tīpakohia, he pūwāhi kapua e tika ana, ka taea e ia te eke, te neke atu rānei i tōna pūwāhi kapua i te pāmahana i raro iho i te wāhanga ware pi o te puna hinu, ā, ka meinga te tango ware pi momo-whakauru kia wetekina i mua i te urunga ki te wāhanga ware pi, ka wehea kia rua ngā momo tango ware pi, e whakamahi ana i te pānga tango ware pi i te wā kotahi.
3,Ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i te uku pumau
E rua ngā āhuatanga o te whakau uku: te ārai i te pupuhi o ngā kohuke uku me te ārai i te hekenga o ngā matūriki kohuke uku. Hei ārai i te pupuhi o te uku, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā matūriki cationic pērā i te momo tote amine, te momo tote ammonium quaternary, te momo tote pyridine, me te tote imidazoline. Hei ārai i te hekenga o ngā matūriki kohuke uku, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā matūriki kore-ionic-cationic kei roto i te fluorine.
4,Ngā matū whakakoi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mahi whakakawa
Hei whakarei ake i te pānga waikawa, me tāpiri ngā momo tāpiri ki te otinga waikawa. Ka taea te whakamahi i tētahi matū horoi e hototahi ana ki te otinga waikawa, ā, he ngāwari te mimiti e te hanganga hei aukati waikawa. Hei tauira, ko ngā waikawa amine momona, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, me ngā tote pyridinium i roto i ngā matū horoi cationic, tae atu ki ngā waikawa polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers kua sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, sulfate-esterified rānei i roto i ngā matū horoi amphoteric. Ka taea e ētahi matū horoi, pērā i te waikawa dodecyl sulfonic me ōna tote alkylamine, te whakaemulsi i te otinga waikawa i roto i te hinu hei hanga i tētahi emulsion waikawa-i-roto-i-te-hinu, e mahi ana hoki hei aukati ina whakamahia hei wai mahi waikawa.
Ka taea e ētahi matū horoi te mahi hei tango i ngā matū waikawa mō ngā wai whakakawa. Ka taea e ngā matū horoi he hanganga peka, pērā i te polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether me te polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, te mahi hei tango i ngā matū waikawa.
Ka taea te whakamahi i ētahi matū horoi waikawa kua pau, tae atu ki te tote momo amine, te tote momo ammonium quaternary, te tote momo pyridinium, te kore-ionic, te amphoteric, me ngā matū horoi fluorinated.
Ko ētahi o ngā matū horoi he mahi hei aukati i te paru waikawa, pērā i ngā matū horoi wairewa-hinu pērā i te alkylphenols, ngā waikawa ngako, ngā waikawa alkylbenzenesulfonic, me ngā tote ammonium quaternary. Nā te ngoikore o te wairewa waikawa, ka taea te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi kore-ionic hei whakamarara i a rātou ki roto i te otinga waikawa.
Hei whakapai ake i te pānga waikawa, me tāpiri ngā whakarerekētanga makuku ki te otinga waikawa hei huri i te makuku o te rohe tata-pūngao mai i te makuku-hinu ki te makuku-wai. Ko ngā ranunga pēnei i te polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether me te phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether ka mimitia e te hanganga hei paparanga mimiti tuatahi, ā, ka tutuki ai te hurihanga makuku.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ētahi o ngā matū horoi, pērā i ngā waikawa amine momona, ngā tote ammonia quaternary, ngā matū horoi kore-ionic-anionic rānei, ka whakamahia hei kaihanga huka hei whakarite i ngā wai mahi waikawa huka, e tutuki ai ngā kaupapa o te whakaroa i te tauhohenga, te aukati i te waikura, me te whakakawa i ngā hanganga hohonu. Tērā atu huarahi, ka taea te whakamahi i aua huka hei papa-mua mō te whakakawa: i muri i te werohanga ki roto i te hanganga, ka werohangahia te otinga waikawa i muri mai. Ka taea e te pānga Jamin i hangaia e ngā mirumiru i roto i te huka te huri i te otinga waikawa, ka akiaki i a ia ki te whakarewa i ngā paparanga iti-permeability, ā, ka whakapai ake i te pānga waikawa.
5,Ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mehua pakaru
He maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ngā tikanga pakaru i roto i ngā mara hinu iti te uruhanga. Kei roto i ēnei ko te whakamahi i te pēhanga hei pakaru i te hanganga, te hanga kapiti, me te tautoko i ngā kapiti ki ngā proppant hei whakaiti i te ātete rere o te wai, kia tutuki ai te whāinga o te whakanui ake i te whakaputanga me te werohanga. Ko ētahi wai pakaru ka hangaia ki ngā surfactants hei wāhanga. Ka hangaia ngā wai pakaru hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai mai i te wai, te hinu, me ngā emulsifier. Kei roto i ngā emulsifier e whakamahia ana ko ngā surfactants ionic, non-ionic, me te amphoteric. Mena ka whakamahia te wai matotoru hei wāhanga o waho, me te hinu hei wāhanga o roto, ka taea te hanga i tētahi wai pakaru hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai matotoru (polymer emulsion). Ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei momo wai pakaru i ngā pāmahana i raro i te 160°C, ā, ka taea te tango aunoa i ngā wai me te tuku i ngā wai. Ko ngā wai pakaru pahuka ko ērā me te wai hei reo marara me te hau hei wāhanga marara, ko ōna wāhanga matua ko te wai, te hau, me ngā kaihoko huka. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā alkyl sulfonates, ngā alkyl benzene sulfonates, ngā alkyl sulfate esters, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, me ngā surfactants momo-OP hei kaihoko pahuka. Ko te kukū o ngā kaihoko pahuka i roto i te wai he 0.5–2% te tikanga, ā, ko te ōwehenga o te rōrahi āhua hau ki te rōrahi pahuka kei waenga i te 0.5 ki te 0.9. Ka hangaia ngā wai pakaru hinu-e-hinu mā te whakamahi i te hinu hei whakarewa, hei reo marara rānei. Ko ngā hinu e whakamahia whānuitia ana i ngā tono mara ko te hinu mata, ko ōna wāhanga taumaha rānei. Hei whakapai ake i te mahi matotoru-mahana, me tāpiri ngā sulfonates petroleum wairewa-hinu (me te taumaha ngota o te 300–750). Kei roto hoki i ngā wai pakaru hinu-e-hinu ngā wai pakaru wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu me ngā wai pakaru pahuka hinu. Ka whakamahia e te tuatahi ngā surfactants anionic wairewa-hinu, ngā surfactants cationic, me ngā surfactants kore-ionic hei emulsifiers, ko te tuarua ia ka whakamahia ngā surfactants polymeric kei roto te fluorine hei whakaū pahuka. Ko ngā wai pakaru mō ngā hanganga tairongo-wai he emulsions, he pahuka rānei i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te ranunga o ngā waipiro (pērā i te ethylene glycol) me ngā hinu (pērā i te kerosene) hei reo marara, te hauhā waro wai hei wāhanga marara, me ngā ethers waipiro polyoxyethylene alkyl kua whakapūkawahia hei emulsifiers, hei kaihoko pahuka rānei, e whakamahia ana mō te pakaru i ngā hanganga tairongo-wai. Ko ngā wai pakaru mō te waikawa pakaru he wai pakaru me ngā wai waikawa, e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā hanganga warowaihā e whakahaerehia ana ngā mahi e rua i te wā kotahi. Ko ngā mea e pā ana ki ngā surfactants ko ngā pahuka waikawa me ngā emulsions waikawa; ko te tuatahi e whakamahi ana i ngā alkyl sulfonates, i ngā alkyl benzene sulfonates rānei hei kaihoko pahuka, ā, ko te tuarua e whakamahi ana i ngā surfactants momo-sulfonate hei emulsifiers. Pērā i ngā wai waikawa, ka whakamahia hoki e ngā wai pakaru ngā surfactants hei demulsifiers, hei tāpiri horoi, me ngā kaihoko whakahurihuri makuku, kāore e whakamāramahia i konei.
6,Ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakahaere kōtaha me ngā mahi aukati wai
Hei whakapai ake i te whai huatanga o te whanaketanga waipuke wai, me te aukati i te tere o te pikinga o te whakahekenga wai hinu mata, me whakatikatika te kōtaha mimiti wai i roto i ngā puna weronga, me te whakatinana i ngā mahi aukati wai i roto i ngā puna whakaputa hei tikanga whakaoho. Ko ētahi o ēnei tikanga whakahaere kōtaha me te aukati wai he maha ngā wā ka whakamahia ētahi matū horoi. Ka whakaritea te kaihoko whakahaere kōtaha gel HPC/SDS mā te whakaranu i te hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) me te sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ki roto i te wai māori. Ka whakarewaina te sodium alkyl sulfonate me te alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ki roto i te wai hei whakarite i ngā wai mahi e rua, ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga i ia wā. Ka tūtaki ngā wai mahi e rua ki roto i te hanganga, ka puta he alkyl sulfite precipitation o te alkyl trimethyl amine, e aukati ana i ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei. Ka taea te whakamahi i te polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, me ētahi atu, hei kaihoko pahuka. Ka whakarewaina ēnei ki roto i te wai hei whakarite i te wai mahi, kātahi ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga me te wai mahi waro hauhā wai. Ka puta he pahuka i roto i te hanganga (ko te nuinga i roto i ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei), ka āraia, ka tutuki ai te pānga whakahaere kōtaha. Ka whakamahia he matū horoi momo tote ammonia quaternary hei kaihoko pahuka, ka whakarewaina ki roto i te whakarewa silica i hangaia mai i te ammonia sulfate me te karāhe wai, ka werohia ki roto i te hanganga. Kātahi ka werohia te hau kore-whakapūmau (hau māori, hau chlorine rānei), ka puta tuatahi he pahuka me te wai hei reo marara i roto i te hanganga, kātahi ka whakakotahihia ngā gels whakarewa silica hei whakaputa pahuka me te totoka hei reo marara, ā, ka āraia ngā paparanga uruhanga teitei, ka tutuki ai te whakahaere kōtaha. Mā te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi momo sulfonate hei kaihoko pahuka me ngā matū ngota teitei hei kaihoko whakamātotoru me te whakau pahuka, ā, muri iho ka werohia te hau, ngā matū whakaputa hau rānei, ka puta he pahuka wai ki runga i te mata, ki roto rānei i te hanganga. I roto i te paparanga hinu, ka neke te nui o te matū horoi ki te hononga hinu-wai, ka pakaru te pahuka, kia kore ai e ārai i te paparanga hinu, ā, he kaihoko whiriwhiri mō te aukati wai puna hinu. Ko te kaihoko aukati wai sima hinu he whakatārewatanga sima i roto i te hinu. He wai-whakaaro te mata o te sima. Ina uru ki te paparanga wai-whakaputa, ka nekehia e te wai te hinu ki runga i te mata sima ka tauhohe ki te sima, ka meinga te sima kia totoka, kia ārai hoki i te paparanga wai-whakaputa. Hei whakapai ake i te rere o tēnei matū whakapūmau, ka tāpirihia ngā matū whakapūmau momo-carboxylate me te momo-sulfonate. Ko te matū whakapūmau wai micellar wai he otinga micellar i hangaia mai i te ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ngā warowaihā, ngā waipiro, me ētahi atu. Ina tūtaki ki te wai tote nui i roto i te hanganga, ka taea te matotoru hei whakatutuki i te pānga whakapūmau wai. Ko ngā matū whakapūmau wai-hangai, hinu-hangai rānei, he matū whakapūmau alkyl carboxylate me te alkyl ammonium chloride, ka whakamahia anake ki ngā hanganga onepū. Ko te matū whakapūmau hinu taumaha hohe he hinu taumaha i rewa ki ngā emulsifier wai-i-roto-hinu. Ina tūtaki ki te wai i roto i te hanganga, ka puta he emulsion wai-i-roto-hinu matotoru hei whakatutuki i te whakapūmau wai. Ka whakaritea te kaihopu mono hinu-i-te-wai mā te whakaemulsifying i te hinu taumaha i roto i te wai mā te whakamahi i ngā surfactants cationic hei emulsifier hinu-i-te-wai.
7,Ngā matū horoi mō ngā mahi whakahaere onepu
I mua i ngā mahi whakahaere onepu, me werowero he nui o te wai hohe kua whakaritea ki ngā matū horoi hei wai i mua i te horoinga hei horoi i te hanganga, kia pai ake ai te pānga whakahaere onepu. Ko te nuinga o ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i tēnei wā he matū horoi anionic.
8,Ngā matū horoi mō te whakamaroke hinu mata
I ngā wāhanga whakaora hinu tuatahi me te tuarua, ko ngā kaiwhakakore wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu te nuinga o te wā e whakamahia ana mō te hinu mata kua hangaia. E toru ngā whakatipuranga o ngā hua kua whakawhanakehia. Kei roto i te whakatipuranga tuatahi ko ngā carboxylates, ngā sulfates, me ngā sulfonates. Ko te whakatipuranga tuarua he mea hanga mai i ngā surfactants koreionic taumaha-iti pērā i te OP, Pegosperse, me te hinu castor sulfonated. Ko te tuatoru o ngā whakatipuranga he surfactants koreionic taumaha-tiketike. I te wāhanga whakaora hinu tuarua mutunga me te wāhanga whakaora hinu tuatoru, ko te nuinga o te wā kei roto i te hinu mata kua hangaia he emulsions hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai. E whā ngā momo demulsifiers e whakamahia ana, pērā i te tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride me te didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Ka taea e ēnei te tauhohe ki ngā emulsifiers anionic hei whakarerekē i tō rātou uara taurite hydrophilic-lipophilic, te mimiti rānei ki runga i te mata o ngā matūriki uku wai-mākū hei whakarerekē i tō rātou makuku me te pakaru i te emulsion hinu-i-te-wai. Hei tāpiritanga, ko ētahi o ngā matū horoi anionic ka taea te mahi hei emulsifier wai-i-roto-i-te-hinu me ngā matū horoi kore-ionic wairewa-hinu ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei demulsifier mō ngā emulsion hinu-i-roto-i-te-wai.
9,Ngā matū horoi wai mō te maimoatanga wai
I muri i te wehenga o te hinu mata mai i te wai i hangaia i roto i te puna hinu, me tukatuka te wai i hangaia kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga mō te werohanga anō. Ko ngā kaupapa o te maimoatanga wai e ono ngā āhuatanga: te aukati i te waikura, te ārai i te unahi, te whakahoromata, te tango hāora, te tango hinu, me te tango i ngā totoka i whakatārewatia. Nō reira, ka whakamahia ngā aukati waikura, ngā aukati unahi, ngā patu huakita, ngā tango waikura, ngā tango hinu, ngā mea whakapūkara, me ētahi atu. Ko ngā mea e whai ake nei e whakamahia ana ko ngā mea e whai ake nei:
Ko ngā matū horoi ahumahi e whakamahia ana hei aukati i te waikura ko ngā tote o ngā waikawa alkyl sulfonic, ngā waikawa alkyl benzene sulfonic, ngā waikawa perfluoroalkyl sulfonic, ngā tote alkyl amine mekameka-tika, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, ngā tote alkyl pyridinium, ngā tote o ngā imidazoline me ō rātou pānga, ngā polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ngā polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, ngā polyoxyethylene rosin amines, ngā polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, ngā polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, ngā momo tote amino quaternary o roto, me ngā tote o roto o ngā bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls me ō rātou pānga. Ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana hei aukati i te unahi ko ngā phosphate esters, ngā sulfate esters, ngā acetates, ngā carboxylates, me ō rātou pūhui polyoxyethylene. He pai ake te pumau wera o ngā sulfonate esters me ngā carboxylates i ērā o ngā phosphate esters me ngā sulfate esters. Ko ngā matū horoi ahumahi e whakamahia ana hei patu huakita ko ngā tote alkyl amine mekameka-tika, ngā tote ammonium quaternary, ngā tote alkyl pyridinium, ngā tote o ngā imidazoline me ō rātou matū whakawhiti, ngā tote ā-roto ammonium quaternary, me ngā tote ā-roto o ngā bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls me ō rātou matū whakawhiti. Ko ngā matū horoi ahumahi e whakamahia ana hei tango hinu ko ngā mea he hanganga peka, kei roto hoki ngā rōpū konutai dithiocarboxylate.
10,Ngā matū whakaora mō te waipuke matū i roto i te whakaora hinu
Ka taea e te whakaora hinu tuatahi me te tuarua te tango i te 25% – 50% o te hinu mata i raro i te whenua, me te nui o te hinu mata e toe ana i raro i te whenua, ā, kāore e taea te tango. Ka taea e te whakaora hinu tuatoru te whakapai ake i te pai o te whakaora hinu. Ko te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia e te whakaora hinu tuatoru ngā tikanga waipuke matū, arā, te tāpiri i ētahi matū ki te wai werohanga hei whakapai ake i te pai o te waipuke wai. I roto i ngā matū e whakamahia ana, ko ētahi nō ngā matū horoi ahumahi, ā, ka whakarāpopototia ō rātou āhuatanga penei: Ko te tikanga waipuke matū me te matū horoi hei matū matua ka kiia ko te waipuke matū horoi. Ko te nuinga o ngā matū horoi he mahi ki te whakapai ake i te whakaora hinu mā te whakaiti i te taumahatanga atanga hinu-wai me te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā capillary. Nā te mea he utu kino te mata o ngā hanganga onepū, ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana he matū horoi anionic te nuinga, ā, ko te nuinga he matū horoi sulfonate. Ka hangaia mā te sulfonate i ngā wāhanga hinu he nui te ihirangi hauwai kakara mā te whakamahi i ngā matū whakaora sulfonate (pērā i te whanariki trioxide) kātahi ka whakakorea ki te alkali. Ko ōna whakaritenga: te matū hohe 50% – 80%, te hinu kohuke 5% – 30%, te wai 2% – 20%, te konutai whanariki 1% – 6%. He ātete ngā sulfonate hinu ki ngā pāmahana teitei engari kāore i te tote me ngā iona konganuku nui-valent. Ka hangaia ngā sulfonate hangai mai i ngā warowaihā e rite ana mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hangai e rite ana. I roto i ēnei, he tino ātete ngā sulfonate α-olefin ki te tote me ngā iona konganuku nui-valent. Hei tāpiri, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i ētahi surfactants anionic-nonionic me ngā surfactants carboxylate mō te waipuke hinu. E rua ngā momo tāpiri e hiahiatia ana mō te waipuke surfactant: ko tētahi he cosurfactants, pērā i te isobutanol, te diethylene glycol butyl ether, te urea, te sulfolane, te alkenyl benzene sulfonates, me ētahi atu; ko tētahi he electrolytes, tae atu ki ngā waikawa, ngā kawakore, me ngā tote, ko te nuinga he tote. Ka taea e rātou te whakaiti i te hydrophilicity o ngā surfactants, te whakanui ake i te lipophilicity, me te mahi anō hoki mā te whakarerekē i te uara taurite hydrophilic-lipophilic o ngā surfactants. Hei whakaiti i te ngaronga o ngā matū horoi me te whakapai ake i te whai huatanga ohaoha, ka whakamahia hoki e te waipuke horoi ngā matū matū e kiia nei ko ngā kaihoko patunga tapu. Ko ngā matū ka taea te whakamahi hei kaihoko patunga tapu ko ngā matū kawakore, ngā waikawa polycarboxylic me ō rātou tote, ngā oligomer me ngā polymer ka taea hoki te whakamahi hei kaihoko patunga tapu, ā, ko ngā lignosulfonates me ō rātou hua kua whakarerekētia he momo kaihoko patunga tapu. Ko te tikanga waipuke hinu e whakamahi ana i ngā kaihoko matua e rua, neke atu rānei, mō te waipuke hinu matū ka kiia ko te waipuke hiato. Ko ēnei tikanga waipuke hinu e pā ana ki ngā matū horoi ko: te matū horoi + polymer mō te waipuke matū horoi matotoru; te kawakore + matū horoi mō te waipuke matū horoi whakarei ake i te kawakore, te waipuke kawakore whakarei ake rānei i te matū horoi; te kawakore + matū horoi + polymer mō te waipuke hiato tuatoru. Ko te waipuke hiato he nui ake te whakaora hinu i te waipuke takitahi. E ai ki te tātari i ngā au whanaketanga o nāianei i te kāinga me tāwāhi, he nui ake ngā painga o te waipuke hiato tuatoru i te waipuke hiato takirua. Ko ngā matū horoi e whakamahia ana i roto i te waipuke hiato tuatoru ko ngā sulfonates petroleum te nuinga, ā, he maha ngā wā ka whakaranua ki te waikawa whanariki, te waikawa phosphoric me te carboxylate o te polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, te sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, me ētahi atu, hei whakapai ake i tō rātou ātete ki te tote. Nō nā tata nei, kua aro nui ngā whenua o roto me tāwāhi ki te rangahau me te whakamahi i ngā matū horoi koiora, pērā i ngā rhamnolipids, ngā hupa whakapūkara sophorolipid, me ngā carboxylates whakauru taiao me te hua hanga pepa alkali lignin, me ētahi atu, kua tutuki i a rātou ngā pānga waipuke hinu pai i roto i ngā whakamātautau mara me te taiwhanga.
Wā tuku: Maehe-26-2026