1,Ama-surfactantesetshenziselwaukukhipha uwoyela osindayo
Ngenxa yokuthamba okuphezulu kanye nokugeleza okubi kwamafutha anzima, kuletha ubunzima obuningi ekusetshenzisweni. Ukuze kukhishwe lawa mafutha anzima, izixazululo zamanzi zama-surfactants ngezinye izikhathi zifakwa emgodini ukuze kuguqulwe uwoyela onzima one-viscosity ephezulu abe ama-emulsions kawoyela-emanzini aphansi, abese epompelwa phezulu. Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa kule ndlela yokunciphisa i-emulsification kawoyela onzima kanye ne-viscosity afaka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, i-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, njll. Kuma-emulsions kawoyela-emanzini akhiqizwayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa amanzi, kanti amanye ama-surfactants ezimboni nawo asetshenziswa njenge-demulsifiers yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni. Lawa ma-demulsifiers angama-emulsifiers amanzi-emafutha. Avame ukusetshenziswa ama-surfactants e-cationic, noma ama-naphthenic acid, ama-asphaltic acid kanye nosawoti wawo wensimbi we-polyvalent. Uwoyela okhethekile osindayo awukwazi ukusetshenziswa ngamayunithi okupompa avamile futhi udinga ukujova ngomusi ukuze kubuyiselwe ukushisa. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokubuyiselwa ukushisa, kudingeka kusetshenziswe ama-surfactant. Ukufaka i-foam emthonjeni wokujova ngomusi, okungukuthi, ukufaka ama-foam agents amelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye namagesi angavundi, kungenye yezindlela zokulungiselela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu. Ama-foam agents asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-alkylbenzene sulfonates,αAma-sulfonates e-olefin, ama-sulfonates e-petroleum, ama-ether e-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol e-sulfoalkylated, kanye nama-ether e-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol e-sulfoalkylated, njll. Njengoba ama-surfactants afakwe i-fluorinated enomsebenzi ophezulu wobuso futhi azinzile kuma-acid, ama-alkali, i-oxygen, ukushisa kanye namafutha, angama-ejenti afaneleka kakhulu okushisa okuphezulu. Ukuze uwoyela ohlakazekile udlule kalula esakhiweni se-pore-throat sokwakheka noma ukwenza uwoyela ongaphezulu kokwakheka ususwe kalula, ama-surfactants abizwa ngokuthi ama-film diffusing agents ayadingeka, futhi lawo asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-surfactants e-polymer e-oxyalkylated phenolic resin.
2,Ama-surfactant okukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe one-wax
Uma ukhipha uwoyela ongahluziwe one-wax, kubalulekile ukwenza njalo ukuvimbela i-wax nokususa i-wax. Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa njengezithibi ze-wax kanye nama-wax removers. Ama-surfactants asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela i-wax afaka ama-surfactants ancibilika ku-oyela kanye nama-surfactants ancibilika emanzini. Eyokuqala inomphumela wokuvimbela i-wax ngokushintsha izakhiwo zobuso bekristalu le-wax. Ama-surfactants ancibilika ku-oyela asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-petroleum sulfonates kanye nama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-amine. Ama-surfactants ancibilika emanzini adlala indima ekuvimbeleni i-wax ngokushintsha izakhiwo zezindawo ezifaka i-wax (njengezindawo zamapayipi kawoyela, izinduku zokudonsa, kanye nemishini). Ama-surfactant atholakalayo afaka phakathi ama-sodium alkyl sulfonates, ama-quaternary ammonium salts, ama-alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, ama-aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, kanye nama-sodium sulfonate salts awo, njll. Ama-surfactant asetshenziselwa ukususa i-wax nawo awela ezinhlotsheni ezimbili: lawo ancibilika ku-oyela asetshenziswa ekususeni i-wax esekelwe ku-oyela, kanye nalawo ancibilika emanzini njenge-sulfonate-type, i-quaternary ammonium salt-type, i-polyether-type, i-Tween-type, ama-surfactant e-OP, kanye nama-surfactant e-sulfate-esterified noma i-sulfoalkylated Peregal-type kanye ne-OP-type, asetshenziswa ekususeni i-wax esekelwe emanzini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukususwa kwe-wax kanye nokuvimbela kuye kwahlanganiswa ngokwemvelo, kanti ama-remover e-wax esekelwe ku-oyela kanye nama-remover e-wax esekelwe emanzini nawo ahlanganiswe ngokwemvelo ukukhiqiza ama-remover e-wax yohlobo oluxubile. Lolu hlobo lokususa i-wax lusebenzisa ama-hydrocarbon aromatic kanye nama-hydrocarbon aromatic axubile njengesigaba samafutha, kanye nama-emulsifier anemiphumela yokususa i-wax njengesigaba samanzi. Uma i-emulsifier ekhethiwe iyi-surfactant engeyona i-ionic enephuzu elifanele lefu, ingafinyelela noma idlule iphuzu layo lefu ekushiseni okungaphansi kwesigaba sokufaka i-wax emthonjeni wamafutha, ngaleyo ndlela ibangele ukuthi i-wax remover yohlobo oluxubile isuse i-mulsify ngaphambi kokungena esigabeni sokufaka i-wax, ihlukanise izinhlobo ezimbili ze-wax removers, ezisebenzisa umphumela wokususa i-wax ngasikhathi sinye.
3,Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa ebumbeni eliqinile
Ukuqinisa ubumba kuhilela izici ezimbili: ukuvimbela ukuvuvukala kwamaminerali obumba nokuvimbela ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali obumba. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuvukala kobumba, ama-surfactants e-cationic afana nohlobo lwe-amine salt, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, uhlobo lwe-pyridine salt, kanye nosawoti we-imidazoline angasetshenziswa. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukufuduka kwezinhlayiya zamaminerali obumba, ama-surfactants angenayo i-ionic-cationic aqukethe i-fluorine angasetshenziswa.
4,Ama-surfactants asetshenziswa ezilinganisweni zokufaka i-asidi
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokwenza i-acid, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwengeza izithasiselo ezahlukahlukene esixazululweni se-asidi. Noma iyiphi i-surfactant ehambisana nesixazululo se-asidi futhi emuncwa kalula ukwakheka ingasetshenziswa njenge-acidizing retarder. Izibonelo zifaka phakathi ama-amine hydrochloride anamafutha, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, kanye nosawoti we-pyridinium phakathi kwama-cationic surfactants, kanye nama-polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers aqukethe i-sulfonated, i-carboxymethylated, i-phosphate-esterified, noma i-sulfate-esterified phakathi kwama-amphoteric surfactants. Amanye ama-surfactants, njenge-dodecyl sulfonic acid kanye nosawoti wayo we-alkylamine, angaxuba isixazululo se-asidi emafutheni ukuze akhe i-acid-in-oil emulsion, lapho, uma isetshenziswa njengoketshezi olusebenzayo olufaka i-acidizing, isebenza futhi njenge-retarder.
Amanye ama-surfactant angasebenza njenge-demulsifiers yoketshezi olufaka i-asidi. Ama-surfactant anezakhiwo ezinamagatsha, njenge-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether kanye ne-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, angasebenza njenge-demulsifiers ezenza i-asidi.
Ama-surfactants athile angasetshenziswa njengezithasiselo zokuhlanza i-asidi esetshenzisiwe, okuhlanganisa uhlobo lwe-amine salt, uhlobo lwe-quaternary ammonium salt, uhlobo lwe-pyridinium salt, non-ionic, amphoteric, kanye nama-surfactants ane-fluorinated.
Amanye ama-surfactants asebenza njengezithibi zodaka ezifaka i-asidi, njenge-surfactants encibilika ku-oyela njenge-alkylphenols, ama-fatty acid, ama-alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, kanye nosawoti we-quaternary ammonium. Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwawo kwe-asidi okuncane, ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic angasetshenziswa ukuwahlakaza esixazululweni se-asidi.
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokwenza i-acid, ama-modifiers okumanzisa kudingeka engezwe esixazululweni se-asidi ukuze kuguqulwe ukumanzisa kwendawo eseduze kwe-wellbore kusuka ekumanzini kwamafutha kuye ekumanzini kwamanzi. Izingxube ezifana ne-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether kanye ne-phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether zimuncwa ukwakheka njengengqimba eyinhloko yokumuncwa, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe ukuguqulwa kokumanzisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-surfactants, njenge-fatty amine hydrochloride, i-quaternary ammonium salts, noma ama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic-anionic, asetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu ukulungiselela uketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-foam acid, olufeza izinhloso zokuvimba ukusabela, ukuvimbela ukugqwala, kanye nokwenza ama-deep formations abe yi-acid. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amagwebu anjalo angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokulungiselela i-acid: ngemva kokufakwa ekwakhekeni, isixazululo se-asidi siyafakwa kamuva. Umphumela we-Jamin okhiqizwa amabhamuza ku-foam ungaphambukisa isixazululo se-asidi, okusiphoqa ukuthi sincibilikise kakhulu izendlalelo eziphansi zokungena futhi ngaleyo ndlela sithuthukise umphumela we-acidization.
5,Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa ezindleleni zokuqhekeka
Izindlela zokuqhekeka zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zikawoyela ezingangenisi amanzi kakhulu. Zihilela ukusebenzisa ingcindezi ukuze kuqhekeke ukwakheka, ukudala imifantu, kanye nokusekela imifantu ngama-proppants ukunciphisa ukumelana nokugeleza koketshezi, ngaleyo ndlela kufezwe umgomo wokwandisa ukukhiqizwa kanye nokujova. Amanye amanzi okuqhekeka akhiwe ngama-surfactants njengenye yezingxenye zawo. Uketshezi lokuqhekeka lwamafutha emanzini lulungiswa ngamanzi, uwoyela, kanye nama-emulsifier. Ama-emulsifier asetshenziswayo afaka ama-surfactants e-ionic, angewona ama-ionic, kanye nama-amphoteric. Uma amanzi aqinile esetshenziswa njengesigaba sangaphandle kanye namafutha njengesigaba sangaphakathi, uketshezi lokuqhekeka lwamafutha emanzini oluqinile (i-polymer emulsion) lungenziwa. Lolu hlobo loketshezi lokuqhekeka lungasetshenziswa emazingeni okushisa angaphansi kuka-160°C futhi lungakhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo uketshezi futhi lukhiphe uketshezi. Uketshezi lokuqhekeka lwe-foam yilawo anamanzi njenge-dispersion medium kanye negesi njengesigaba esihlakazekile, lapho izingxenye zawo eziyinhloko zingamanzi, igesi, kanye nama-foaming agents. Ama-alkyl sulfonates, ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ama-alkyl sulfate esters, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, kanye nama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-OP konke kungasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu. Ukuhlushwa kwama-ejenti akhipha amagwebu emanzini ngokuvamile kungu-0.5-2%, kanti isilinganiso sevolumu yesigaba segesi kuya kumthamo wegwebu sisukela ku-0.5 kuya ku-0.9. Izinto ezikhipha amagwebu ezisekelwe kumafutha zakhiwe kusetshenziswa uwoyela njenge-solvent noma i-dispersion medium. Amafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwensimu uwoyela ongahluziwe noma izingxenyana zawo ezisindayo. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwawo kwe-viscosity-temperature, ama-sulfonates e-petroleum ancibilika ku-oyela (anesisindo sama-molecule esingu-300-750) kudingeka engezwe. Izinto ezikhipha amagwebu ezisekelwe ku-oyela zifaka phakathi izinto ezikhipha amagwebu emanzini kanye nezinto ezikhipha amagwebu ezinamafutha. Eyokuqala isebenzisa ama-surfactants e-anionic ancibilika ku-oyela, ama-surfactants e-cationic, kanye nama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic njengezinto ezisusa amagwebu, kuyilapho eyesibili isebenzisa ama-surfactants e-polymeric aqukethe i-fluorine njengezinto eziqinisa amagwebu. Uketshezi lokuqhekeka kokwakheka okuzwela amanzi yi-emulsion noma ama-foam akhiwe kusetshenziswa ingxube yama-alcohol (njenge-ethylene glycol) namafutha (njenge-kerosene) njengendawo yokusabalala, i-liquid carbon dioxide njengesigaba esihlakazekile, kanye nama-sulfate polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers njengama-emulsifier noma ama-foam agents, asetshenziselwa ukwakheka okuzwela amanzi. Uketshezi lokuqhekeka kokwenza i-acidization yokuqhekeka lusebenza njengoketshezi lokuqhekeka kanye noketshezi olubangela i-acidization, olusetshenziswa ekwakhekeni kwe-carbonate lapho zombili izinyathelo zenziwa khona ngesikhathi esisodwa. Lezo ezihlobene nama-surfactants yi-acid foams kanye nama-acid emulsions; owokuqala usebenzisa ama-alkyl sulfonates noma ama-alkyl benzene sulfonates njenge-foam agents, kanti owokugcina usebenzisa ama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-sulfonate njenge-emulsifiers. Njengoketshezi olubangela i-acidization, uketshezi lokuqhekeka lusebenzisa nama-surfactants njenge-demulsifiers, izithasiselo zokuhlanza, kanye nama-wettability reversal agents, okungeke kuchazwe kabanzi lapha.
6,Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa ekulawuleni iphrofayili kanye nezinyathelo zokuvala amanzi
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokuthuthukiswa kokukhukhula kwamanzi nokuvimbela izinga lokwanda kokunqunywa kwamanzi kawoyela ongahluziwe, kubalulekile ukulungisa iphrofayili yokumunca amanzi emithonjeni yokujova nokusebenzisa izindlela zokuvala amanzi emithonjeni yokukhiqiza njengezindlela zokuvuselela. Ezinye zalezi zindlela zokulawula iphrofayili kanye nokuvala amanzi zivame ukusebenzisa ama-surfactants athile. I-ejenti yokulawula iphrofayili yejeli ye-HPC/SDS ilungiswa ngokuxuba i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kanye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini ahlanzekile. I-Sodium alkyl sulfonate kanye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zincibilikiswa ngokulandelana emanzini ukuze kulungiselelwe uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili, olufakwa ekwakhekeni ngokulandelana. Uketshezi olusebenzayo olubili luhlangana ekwakhekeni, lukhiqize ama-alkyl sulfite precipitates e-alkyl trimethyl amine, avimba izendlalelo zokungena kwamanzi okuphezulu. I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-alkyl aryl sulfonate, njll., ingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezikhipha amagwebu. Zincibilikiswa emanzini ukuze kulungiselelwe uketshezi olusebenzayo, olube selufakwa ngokushintshana ekwakhekeni ngoketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kwakha igwebu ekwakhekeni (ikakhulukazi ezingqimbeni ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi), okubangela ukuvaleka kanye nokufeza umphumela wokulawula iphrofayili. I-surfactant yohlobo lwe-ammonium salt-type quaternary isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokugqwala, encibilikiswa ku-silica sol elungiselelwe kusuka ku-ammonium sulfate kanye nengilazi yamanzi, bese ifakwa ekwakhekeni. Ngemuva kwalokho, igesi engavundisi umoya (igesi yemvelo noma igesi ye-chlorine) iyafakwa, eqala ngokukhiqiza igwebu elinoketshezi njenge-dispersion medium ekwakhekeni, bese kuba ama-silica sol gels ukukhiqiza igwebu eliqinile njenge-dispersion medium, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele izingqimba ezivumela ukungena kwamanzi amaningi futhi ifinyelele ekulawulweni kwephrofayili. Kusetshenziswa ama-surfactant ohlobo lwe-sulfonate njenge-foam agents kanye nama-molecule amaningi njenge-thickening kanye ne-foam-stabilizing agents, kulandelwa ukujova igesi noma izinto ezikhiqiza igesi, igwebu elisekelwe emanzini liyakhiqizwa ebusweni noma ekwakhekeni. Engqimbeni kawoyela, inani elikhulu le-surfactant liyahamba liye esixhumini samanzi kawoyela, okubangela ukuthi igwebu liphuke, ngakho alivimbi ungqimba kawoyela futhi liyi-ejenti yokuvula amanzi emithonjeni kawoyela ekhethiwe. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amanzi esimendeni esekelwe uwoyela iyisimende esifakwe emafutheni. Ubuso besimende buyamanzi. Uma ingena engqimbeni ekhiqiza amanzi, amanzi asusa uwoyela ebusweni besimende bese esabela esimendeni, okwenza usimende uqine futhi uvimbele ungqimba okhiqiza amanzi. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukugeleza kwalesi simende sokuxhuma, kuvame ukungezwa ama-surfactants ohlobo lwe-carboxylate kanye nohlobo lwe-sulfonate. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amanzi e-micellar esekelwe emanzini iyisisombululo se-micellar esakhiwe kakhulu yi-ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ama-hydrocarbon, ama-alcohols, njll. Uma ihlangana namanzi anosawoti omningi ekwakhekeni, ingaba yinkimbinkimbi ukuze ifinyelele umphumela wokuxhuma amanzi. Ama-ejenti okuxhuma amanzi esixazululo se-cationic surfactant esekelwe emanzini noma emafutheni, akhiwe kakhulu yi-alkyl carboxylate kanye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, asebenza kuphela ekwakhekeni kwesihlabathi. I-ejenti yokuxhuma amafutha esindayo esebenzayo uwoyela osindayo oncibilikiswe nama-emulsifiers angaphakathi kwamafutha. Uma ihlangana namanzi ekwakhekeni, ikhiqiza i-emulsion yamanzi ku-oyili ene-viscosity ephezulu ukuze kufezwe i-water plugging. I-ejenti yokufaka uwoyela emanzini ilungiswa ngokuhlanganisa uwoyela osindayo emanzini kusetshenziswa ama-surfactants e-cationic njenge-emulsifiers yamafutha emanzini.
7,Ama-surfactant ezinyathelo zokulawula isihlabathi
Ngaphambi kokusebenza kokulawula isihlabathi, inani elithile lamanzi asebenzayo alungiselelwe ngama-surfactants kudingeka afakwe njengoketshezi lwe-preflush ukuze kuhlanzwe ukwakheka, ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokulawula isihlabathi. Iningi lama-surfactants asetshenziswa kakhulu njengamanje angama-anionic surfactants.
8,Ama-surfactants okuqeda ukoma kwamafutha aluhlaza
Ezigabeni zokuqala nezesibili zokubuyisa uwoyela, ama-demulsifier amanzi angaphakathi kwamafutha asetshenziswa kakhulu ku-oyela ongahluziwe okhiqizwayo. Kuye kwathuthukiswa izizukulwane ezintathu zemikhiqizo. Isizukulwane sokuqala sihlanganisa ama-carboxylates, ama-sulfate, nama-sulfonates. Isizukulwane sesibili siqukethe ama-surfactants angama-non-ionic anesisindo esincane sama-molecule njenge-OP, i-Pegosperse, kanye ne-sulfonated castor oil. Isizukulwane sesithathu sinama-surfactants angama-non-ionic anesisindo esiphezulu sama-molecule. Esigabeni sokugcina sokubuyisa uwoyela wesibili kanye nesigaba sokubuyisa uwoyela wesithathu, uwoyela ongahluziwe okhiqizwayo uvame ukuba khona ngesimo sama-emulsion kawoyela emanzini. Kunezinhlobo ezine zama-demulsifier asetshenziswayo, njenge-tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride kanye ne-didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Lawa angasabela nama-emulsifier e-anionic ukushintsha inani lawo lokulinganisela kwe-hydrophilic-lipophilic, noma anamathele ebusweni bezinhlayiya zobumba ezimanzi emanzini ukushintsha ukumanzi kwazo futhi aphule i-emulsion kawoyela emanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-surfactant e-anionic angasebenza njenge-emulsifiers emanzini kanye nama-surfactants angewona ama-ionic ancibilikayo kumafutha nawo angasetshenziswa njenge-demulsifiers kuma-emulsions amafutha emanzini.
9,Ama-surfactants okwelapha amanzi
Ngemva kokuba uwoyela ongahluziwe uhlukaniswe noketshezi olukhiqizwe emthonjeni wamafutha, amanzi akhiqiziwe adinga ukwelashwa ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zokufakwa kabusha. Izinhloso zokwelashwa kwamanzi zifaka phakathi izici eziyisithupha: ukuvimbela ukugqwala, ukuvimbela isikali, ukubulala amagciwane, ukuqeda umoya-mpilo, ukususwa kwamafutha, kanye nokususwa kwezinto eziqinile ezilengayo. Ngakho-ke, kusetshenziswa izinto ezivimbela ukugqwala, izinto ezivimbela isikali, izinto ezibulala amagciwane, izinto ezisusa i-oyili, izinto ezisusa i-oyili, izinto ezikhipha i-flocculant, njll. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zezimboni yilezi ezilandelayo:
Ama-surfactant asezimbonini asetshenziswa njengezithibi zokugqwala afaka usawoti wama-alkyl sulfonic acid, ama-alkyl benzene sulfonic acid, ama-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid, usawoti we-alkyl amine oqondile, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, usawoti we-alkyl pyridinium, usawoti wama-imidazolines kanye nezinto eziphuma kuwo, ama-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ama-polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, ama-polyoxyethylene rosin amines, ama-polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, ama-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, usawoti wangaphakathi we-quaternary amino ahlukahlukene, kanye nosawoti wangaphakathi we-bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls kanye nezinto eziphuma kuwo. Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa njengezithibi zesikali afaka ama-phosphate esters, ama-sulfate esters, ama-acetate, ama-carboxylates, kanye nama-polyoxyethylene compounds awo. Ukuzinza kokushisa kwama-sulfonate esters nama-carboxylates kungcono kakhulu kunokwama-phosphate esters nama-sulfate esters. Ama-surfactant asezimbonini asetshenziswa njenge-bactericides afaka phakathi usawoti we-alkyl amine oqondile, usawoti we-quaternary ammonium, usawoti we-alkyl pyridinium, usawoti we-imidazolines kanye ne-derivatives yawo, usawoti wangaphakathi we-quaternary ammonium ohlukahlukene, kanye nosawoti wangaphakathi we-bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls kanye ne-derivatives yawo. Ama-surfactant asezimbonini asetshenziswa njenge-oil remover ikakhulukazi lawo anesakhiwo esinamagatsha futhi aqukethe amaqembu e-sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10,Ama-surfactants okukhukhula kwamakhemikhali ekubuyiselweni kwamafutha
Ukutholwa kwamafutha okuqala nokwesibili kungakhipha u-25% - 50% wamafutha angcolile angaphansi komhlaba, kanti inani elikhulu lamafutha angcolile lihlala ngaphansi komhlaba futhi alikwazi ukukhishwa. Ukutholwa kwamafutha aphezulu kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokutholwa kwamafutha. Ukutholwa kwamafutha aphezulu kusebenzisa kakhulu izindlela zokukhukhula ngamakhemikhali, okungukuthi, ukwengeza amakhemikhali athile emanzini ajoviwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle kokukhukhula kwamanzi. Phakathi kwamakhemikhali asetshenziswayo, amanye angamalungu e-surfactants ezimboni, futhi izimo zawo zethulwa kafushane kanje: Indlela yokukhukhula ngamakhemikhali ene-surfactant njenge-ejenti eyinhloko ibizwa ngokuthi ukukhukhula kwe-surfactant. Ama-surfactants adlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ukutholwa kwamafutha ngokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kokuxhumana kwamanzi namafutha nokwandisa inombolo yama-capillary. Njengoba ubuso bokwakheka kwamatshe esihlabathi bushaja kabi, ama-surfactants asetshenziswayo ikakhulukazi ama-surfactants e-anionic, futhi iningi lawo angama-surfactants e-sulfonate. Kwenziwa ngokususa izingxenyana zephethiloli ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi kusetshenziswa ama-sulfonating agents (njenge-sulfur trioxide) bese kuthintwa nge-alkali. Imininingwane yayo: isithako esisebenzayo esingu-50% – 80%, uwoyela wamaminerali ongu-5% – 30%, amanzi angu-2% – 20%, i-sodium sulfate engu-1% – 6%. Ama-sulfonates e-petroleum amelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kodwa hhayi nosawoti kanye nama-ion ensimbi ane-valent ephezulu. Ama-sulfonates okwenziwa alungiswa ngama-hydrocarbon ahambisanayo kusetshenziswa izindlela zokwenziwa ezihambisanayo. Phakathi kwawo, ama-sulfonates e-α-olefin amelana kakhulu nosawoti kanye nama-ion ensimbi ane-valent ephezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-surfactants e-anionic-nonionic kanye nama-surfactants e-carboxylate nawo angasetshenziswa ekugcwaleni uwoyela. Ukugcwala kwe-surfactant kudinga izinhlobo ezimbili zezithasiselo: eyodwa yi-cosurfactants, njenge-isobutanol, i-diethylene glycol butyl ether, i-urea, i-sulfolane, i-alkenyl benzene sulfonates, njll.; enye yi-electrolytes, kufaka phakathi ama-acid, ama-alkali, kanye nosawoti, ikakhulukazi usawoti. Zinganciphisa ukugeleza kwamanzi kwama-surfactants, zandise ukugeleza kwamanzi, futhi zisebenze ngokushintsha inani lebhalansi yama-surfactants e-hydrophilic-lipophilic. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwama-surfactants futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle komnotho, ukugeleza kwamanzi kwe-surfactant kusebenzisa nezinto zamakhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-sacrificial agents. Izinto ezingasetshenziswa njengezinto zomhlatshelo zifaka izinto ze-alkaline, ama-polycarboxylic acid kanye nosawoti wazo, ama-oligomers nama-polymers nazo zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zomhlatshelo, kanti ama-lignosulfonates kanye nemikhiqizo yawo eguquliwe uhlobo lwe-sacrificial agents. Indlela yokugeleza kwamanzi kawoyela esebenzisa izinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu eziyinhloko zokugeleza kwamanzi kawoyela wamakhemikhali ibizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhlanganisiwe. Izindlela ezinjalo zokugeleza kwamanzi kawoyela ezihlobene nama-surfactants zifaka: i-surfactant + i-polymer yokugeleza kwamanzi okuhlanganisiwe okuhlanganisiwe; i-alkali + i-surfactant yokugeleza kwamanzi okuhlanganisiwe ... Ama-surfactant asetshenziswa ezikhukhuleni ze-ternary composite ikakhulukazi ama-sulfonates e-petroleum, futhi avame ukuhlanganiswa ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid kanye ne-carboxylate ye-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, njll., ukuthuthukisa ukumelana kwawo nosawoti. Muva nje, amazwe asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe anikeze ukubaluleka ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwama-biosurfactants, njenge-rhamnolipids, ama-sophorolipid fermentation broths, kanye nama-carboxylates emvelo ahlanganisiwe kanye ne-papermaking by-product alkali lignin, njll., okuye kwafeza imiphumela emihle yezikhukhula zikawoyela ezivivinyweni zasensimini naselabhorethri.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-26-2026