1,Ii-surfactantsisetyenziselwaukukhupha ioyile enzima
Ngenxa yokuba i-viscosity ephezulu kunye nokungaguquguquki kakuhle kwe-oyile enzima, izisa ubunzima obuninzi ekusetyenzisweni kwayo. Ukukhupha i-oyile enzima kangaka, izisombululo zamanzi ze-surfactants ngamanye amaxesha zifakwa kwi-wellbore ukuze ziguqule i-oyile enzima ene-viscosity ephezulu ibe yi-emulsions ye-oyile-emanzini ephantsi, ezithi emva koko zipompelwe kumphezulu. I-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kule ndlela ye-emulsification ye-oyile enzima kunye nokunciphisa i-viscosity ziquka i-sodium alkyl sulfonate, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, i-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, njl. Kwi-emulsions ye-oyile-emanzini eveliswayo, kuyimfuneko ukwahlula amanzi, kwaye ezinye ii-surfactants zoshishino nazo zisetyenziswa njenge-demulsifiers zokuphelisa amanzi emzimbeni. Ezi demulsifiers zii-emulsifiers zamanzi-e-oyile. Ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-surfactants ze-cationic, okanye ii-naphthenic acids, ii-asphaltic acids kunye neetyuwa zazo ze-polyvalent metal. Ioyile ekhethekileyo enzima ayinakusetyenziswa ziiyunithi zokupompa eziqhelekileyo kwaye ifuna inaliti yomphunga ukuze kubuyiselwe ubushushu. Ukuphucula isiphumo sokubuyiselwa kobushushu, kufuneka kusetyenziswe ii-surfactants. Ukufaka i-foam kwiqula le-injection yomphunga, oko kukuthi, ukufaka ii-agents ezikhupha amagwebu ezinobushushu obuphezulu kunye neegesi ezingavuthiyo, yenye yeendlela zokulungiselela ezisetyenziswa rhoqo. Ii-agents ezikhupha amagwebu ezisetyenziswa rhoqo yi-alkylbenzene sulfonates,αIi-sulfonates ze-olefin, ii-sulfonates ze-petroleum, ii-ethers ze-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ze-sulfoalkylated, kunye nee-ethers ze-polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ze-sulfoalkylated, njl. Ekubeni ii-surfactants ezifakwe i-fluorinated zinomsebenzi ophezulu womphezulu kwaye zizinzile kwii-asidi, ii-alkalis, ioksijini, ubushushu kunye neoyile, zezona arhente zifanelekileyo zokufaka igwebu kubushushu obuphezulu. Ukuze ioyile esasazekileyo idlule ngokulula kwisakhiwo se-pore-throat sokwakheka okanye ukwenza ioyile kumphezulu wokwakheka ifuduke ngokulula, ii-surfactants ezibizwa ngokuba zii-film diffusing agents ziyafuneka, kwaye ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-surfactants ze-oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer.
2,Izinto zokukhupha ioyile eluhlaza ene-wax
Xa ukhupha ioyile eluhlaza efana newax, kuyimfuneko ukwenza uthintelo lwewax rhoqo kunye nokususwa kwewax. Ii-surfactants zisetyenziswa njengezithinteli zewax kunye nezisusa iwax. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziselwa ukuthintela iwax ziquka ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile kunye nee-surfactants ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Eyokuqala inefuthe lokuthintela iwax ngokutshintsha iipropati zomphezulu wekristale yewax. Ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwioyile ezisetyenziswa rhoqo zii-petroleum sulfonates kunye nee-surfactants zohlobo lwe-amine. Ii-surfactants ezinyibilikayo emanzini zidlala indima ekuthinteleni iwax ngokutshintsha iipropati zomphezulu ogcina iwax (ezifana nemiphezulu yeepayipi zeoyile, iintonga zokufunxa, kunye nezixhobo). Ii-surfactants ezikhoyo ziquka i-sodium alkyl sulfonates, i-quaternary ammonium salts, i-alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, i-aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, kunye nee-sodium sulfonate salts zazo, njl. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziselwa ukususa i-wax nazo zahlulwe kwiindidi ezimbini: ezo zinyibilikayo kwi-oyile zisetyenziswa kwii-wax removers ezisekelwe kwi-oyile, kunye nezo zinyibilikayo emanzini ezifana ne-sulfonate-type, i-quaternary ammonium salt-type, i-polyether-type, i-Tween-type, ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-OP, kunye nee-surfactants ze-sulfate-esterified okanye ze-sulfoalkylated ze-Peregal-type kunye ne-OP-type surfactants, zisetyenziswa kwii-wax removers ezisekelwe emanzini. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ukususwa kwe-wax kunye nokuthintela kuye kwadityaniswa ngokwendalo, kwaye ii-wax removers ezisekelwe kwi-oyile kunye nee-wax removers ezisekelwe emanzini nazo ziye zadityaniswa ngokwendalo ukuvelisa ii-wax removers ezixutyiweyo. Olu hlobo lokususa iwax lusebenzisa ii-hydrocarbons ezinuka kamnandi kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezixutyiweyo njengesigaba seoyile, kunye nee-emulsifiers ezineziphumo zokususa iwax njengesigaba samanzi. Xa i-emulsifier ekhethiweyo iyi-surfactant engeyiyo i-ionic enenqaku elifanelekileyo lefu, inokufikelela okanye idlule inqaku layo lefu kubushushu obungaphantsi kwecandelo lokufaka iwax kwiqula leoyile, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba i-mixed-type wax remover isuse iwax ngaphambi kokuba ingene kwicandelo lokufaka iwax, yahlulwe ibe ziintlobo ezimbini ze-wax removers, ezisebenzisa isiphumo sokususa iwax ngaxeshanye.
3,Izinto ezisetyenziswa kudongwe oluzinzileyo
Ukuqinisa udongwe kubandakanya iinkalo ezimbini: ukuthintela ukudumba kweeminerali zodongwe kunye nokuthintela ukufuduka kweenxalenye zeeminerali zodongwe. Ukuthintela ukudumba kodongwe, ii-surfactants ze-cationic ezifana nohlobo lwetyuwa ye-amine, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-pyridine, kunye netyuwa ye-imidazoline zingasetyenziswa. Ukuthintela ukufuduka kweenxalenye zeeminerali zodongwe, ii-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic-cationic eziqulethe i-fluorine zingasetyenziswa.
4,Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okulinganisa i-asidi
Ukuphucula isiphumo sokusila, ngokuqhelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukongeza izongezo ezahlukeneyo kwisisombululo se-asidi. Nasiphi na i-surfactant ehambelana nesisombululo se-asidi kwaye efunxwa lula kukwakheka ingasetyenziswa njenge-acidizing retarder. Imizekelo ibandakanya ii-fatty amine hydrochloride, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, kunye nee-pyridinium salts phakathi kwee-cationic surfactants, kunye nee-sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, okanye i-sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers phakathi kwee-amphoteric surfactants. Ezinye ii-surfactants, ezifana ne-dodecyl sulfonic acid kunye nee-alkylamine salts zayo, zinokusila isisombululo se-asidi kwioyile ukuze zenze i-acid-in-oil emulsion, ethi, xa isetyenziswa njengolwelo olusebenzayo lwe-acidizing, isebenze njenge-retarder.
Ezinye ii-surfactants zingasebenza njengee-demulsifiers kwii-fluids ezenza i-asidi. Ii-surfactants ezinezakhiwo ezinamasebe, ezifana ne-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether kunye ne-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, zingasebenza njengee-demulsifier ezenza i-asidi.
Ezinye izinto ezisetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenziswa njengezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zokucoca i-asidi, kuquka uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-amine, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-quaternary ammonium, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-pyridinium, uhlobo lwetyuwa ye-non-ionic, i-amphoteric, kunye ne-fluorinated surfactants.
Ezinye ii-surfactants zisebenza njengezinto ezithintela i-asidi kwi-sludge, ezifana nee-surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwi-oyile ezifana nee-alkylphenols, ii-fatty acids, ii-alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, kunye nee-quaternary ammonium salts. Ngenxa yokunyibilika kwazo kwi-asidi encinci, ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-ionic zingasetyenziselwa ukuzisasaza kwisisombululo se-asidi.
Ukuphucula isiphumo sokusila, kufuneka kongezwe izinto zokulungisa ukufuma kwisisombululo se-asidi ukuze kuguqulwe ukufuma kwe-near-wellbore zone ukusuka kwi-oil-wet ukuya kwi-water-wet. Imixube efana ne-polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether kunye ne-phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether zifunxwa yi-formation njengomaleko oyintloko wokufunxa, ngaloo ndlela zifezekisa ukuguqulwa kokufuma.
Ukongeza, ezinye izinto ezibangela ukubila, ezifana ne-fatty amine hydrochloride, i-quaternary ammonium salts, okanye ii-non-ionic-anionic surfactants, zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezibangela ukubila ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo lwe-foam acid, olufezekisa iinjongo zokulibazisa impendulo, ukuthintela ukubola, kunye nokwenza i-acid formations ibe yi-deep. Ngaphandle koko, ezo foam zingasetyenziswa njengezinto zokulungiselela i-acid: emva kokufakwa kwi-formation, isisombululo se-asidi siyafakwa emva koko. Isiphumo seJamin esiveliswa ngamaqamza kwi-foam sinokujika isisombululo se-asidi, sinyanzelise ukuba sinyibilikise ikakhulu iileya eziphantsi kokungena kwamanzi kwaye ngaloo ndlela siphucule isiphumo sokwenza i-asidi.
5,Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okuqhekeza
Amanyathelo okuqhekeza adla ngokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zeoyile ezingangenisi manzi kakhulu. Abandakanya ukusebenzisa uxinzelelo ukuze kwaphuke ukwakheka, ukudala imifantu, kunye nokuxhasa imifantu ngeepropants ukunciphisa ukumelana nokuhamba kolwelo, ngaloo ndlela kufezekiswa injongo yokwandisa imveliso kunye nokufakwa. Ezinye ii-fracturing fluids zenziwe ngee-surfactants njengenye yeenxalenye zazo. Ii-fracturing fluids ze-oyile emanzini zilungiswa ngamanzi, ioyile, kunye nee-emulsifiers. Ii-emulsifiers ezisetyenziswayo ziquka ii-ionic, ii-non-ionic, kunye nee-amphoteric surfactants. Ukuba amanzi aqinileyo asetyenziswa njengesigaba sangaphandle kunye neoyile njengesigaba sangaphakathi, ulwelo lwe-fracturing fluid oluqinileyo (i-polymer emulsion) lunokwenziwa. Olu hlobo lwe-fracturing fluid lungasetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kwe-160°C kwaye lunokususa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye lukhuphe ii-fluids. Ii-foam fracturing fluids zezo zinamanzi njenge-dispersion medium kunye negesi njengesigaba esisasazekileyo, apho izinto eziphambili zingamanzi, igesi, kunye nee-foam agents. Ii-alkyl sulfonates, ii-alkyl benzene sulfonates, ii-alkyl sulfate esters, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, kunye nee-surfactants zohlobo lwe-OP zonke zingasetyenziswa njengee-agents ezikhupha igwebu. Uxinzelelo lwee-agents ezikhupha igwebu emanzini luhlala luyi-0.5–2%, kwaye umlinganiselo womthamo wesigaba segesi ukuya kumthamo wegwebu usukela kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-0.9. Ii-fracturing fluids ezisekelwe kwioyile zenziwe kusetyenziswa ioyile njenge-solvent okanye i-dispersion medium. Ii-oyile ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokusetyenziswa kwentsimi yioyile ekrwada okanye ii-fractions zayo ezinzima. Ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo kobushushu be-viscosity, ii-sulfonates zepetroleum ezinyibilikayo kwioyile (ezinobunzima be-molecular obuyi-300–750) kufuneka zongezwe. Ii-fracturing fluids ezisekelwe kwioyile ziquka ii-water-in-oil fracturing fluids kunye nee-foam fracturing fluids. Eyokuqala isebenzisa ii-surfactants ze-anionic ezinyibilikayo kwioyile, ii-surfactants ze-cationic, kunye nee-surfactants ezingezizo ze-ionic njengee-emulsifiers, ngelixa eyesibini isebenzisa ii-surfactants ze-polymeric ezine-fluorine njenge-foam stabilizers. Ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwizakhiwo ezibuthathaka emanzini zii-emulsions okanye ii-foams ezenziwe kusetyenziswa umxube wee-alcohols (ezifana ne-ethylene glycol) kunye neeoyile (ezifana ne-kerosene) njenge-dispersion medium, i-liquid carbon dioxide njenge-dispersed phase, kunye nee-sulfated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers njengee-emulsifiers okanye ii-foam agents, ezisetyenziselwa ukuqhekeka kwizakhiwo ezibuthathaka emanzini. Ulwelo lokuqhekeka kwizakhiwo ezivuselela i-acidizing lusebenza njenge-fracturing fluids kunye ne-acidizing fluids, ezisetyenziswa kwizakhiwo ze-carbonate apho zombini iindlela zenziwa ngaxeshanye. Ezo zinxulumene ne-surfactants zii-acid foams kunye ne-acid emulsions; eyokuqala isebenzisa i-alkyl sulfonates okanye i-alkyl benzene sulfonates njengee-foam agents, kwaye eyokugqibela isebenzisa ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-sulfonate njengee-emulsifiers. Njenge-acidizing fluids, ulwelo lokuqhekeka lukwasebenzisa ii-surfactants njengee-demulsifiers, izongezo zokucoca, kunye nee-wettability reversal agents, ezingayi kuchazwa apha.
6,Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kumanyathelo okulawula iprofayili kunye nokuvala amanzi
Ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kophuhliso lokukhukula kwamanzi kunye nokuthintela izinga lokunyuka kokunqunyulwa kwamanzi eoyile ekrwada, kuyimfuneko ukulungisa iprofayili yokufunxwa kwamanzi kwimingxuma yokujova kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okuvala amanzi kwimingxuma yokuvelisa njengeendlela zokuvuselela. Ezinye zezi ndlela zokulawula iprofayili kunye nokuvala amanzi zihlala zisebenzisa ii-surfactants ezithile. Iarhente yokulawula iprofayili yejeli ye-HPC/SDS ilungiswa ngokuxuba i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kunye ne-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emanzini amatsha. I-Sodium alkyl sulfonate kunye ne-alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zinyibilika ngokwahlukeneyo emanzini ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini, olufakwa kwisakhiwo ngokulandelelana. Ulwelo olusebenzayo olubini ludibana kwisakhiwo, luvelisa i-alkyl sulfite precipitates ye-alkyl trimethyl amine, ethintela iileya ezinokungena okuphezulu. I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, i-alkyl aryl sulfonate, njl.njl., zingasetyenziswa njengee-agents ezikhupha amagwebu. Zinyibilika emanzini ukulungiselela ulwelo olusebenzayo, oluthi emva koko lufakwe kwisakhiwo ngolwelo olusebenzayo lwe-carbon dioxide. Oku kwenza igwebu ekwakhiweni (ikakhulu kwiileya ezikwaziyo ukungena kwamanzi amaninzi), okubangela ukuvaleka kunye nokufezekisa isiphumo solawulo lweprofayili. I-surfactant ye-quaternary ammonium salt-type isetyenziswa njenge-agent ye-foam, enyibilikiswe kwi-silica sol elungiselelwe kwi-ammonium sulfate kunye neglasi yamanzi, kwaye ifakwe kwi-formation. Emva koko, igesi engenakucondensa (igesi yendalo okanye igesi ye-chlorine) ifakwa, eqala ivelise igwebu elinolwelo njenge-dispersion medium ekwakhiweni, kwaye emva koko ii-silica sol gels zivelise igwebu eliqinileyo njenge-dispersion medium, ngaloo ndlela zivimba iileya ezikwaziyo ukungena emanzini amaninzi kwaye zifezekise ulawulo lweprofayili. Ukusebenzisa ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-sulfonate njengee-agent ze-foam kunye nee-molecules eziphezulu njengee-agents eziqinisayo neziqinisa igwebu, kulandele ukufaka igesi okanye izinto ezivelisa igesi, igwebu elisekelwe emanzini lenziwa phezu komphezulu okanye kwi-formation. Kwileya yeoyile, inani elikhulu le-surfactant lihamba liye kwi-interface yeoyile namanzi, libangela ukuba igwebu liqhekeke, ukuze lingavimbi umaleko yeoyile kwaye liyi-agent ekhethiweyo yokuvala amanzi kwimithombo yeoyile. Isixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwisamente esekelwe kwioyile sisixokelelwano sesamente kwioyile. Umphezulu wesamente uyanyibilika emanzini. Xa ingena kumaleko ovelisa amanzi, amanzi asusa ioyile kumphezulu wesamente aze adibane nesamente, nto leyo ebangela ukuba isamente iqine kwaye ivale umaleko ovelisa amanzi. Ukuphucula ukutyibilika kwale arhente yokufaka amanzi, ii-surfactants zohlobo lwe-carboxylate kunye ne-sulfonate zihlala zongezwa. Isixhobo sokufaka amanzi kwi-micellar fluid esisekelwe emanzini sisisombululo se-micellar esenziwe ikakhulu yi-ammonium petroleum sulfonate, ii-hydrocarbons, ii-alcohols, njl. Xa idibana namanzi anetyuwa eninzi ekubunjweni, inokuba krakra ukuze ifezekise isiphumo sokufaka amanzi. Ii-agent zokufaka amanzi kwisisombululo se-cationic surfactant esisekelwe emanzini okanye kwioyile, ezenziwe ikakhulu yi-alkyl carboxylate kunye ne-alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, zisebenza kuphela kwiindawo zesanti. Isixhobo sokufaka amafutha esinzima esisebenzayo sisixhobo seoyile esinzima esinyibilikiswe ngee-emulsifiers zamanzi kwioyile. Xa idibana namanzi xa ikhula, ivelisa i-emulsion yamanzi kwi-oyile ene-viscosity ephezulu ukuze ifikelele ekuvalekeni kwamanzi. I-arhente yokuvala i-oyile emanzini ilungiswa ngokuhlanganisa i-oyile enzima emanzini kusetyenziswa ii-surfactants ze-cationic njenge-emulsifiers kwi-oyile emanzini.
7,Izinto ezibangela ukuba abantu bangakwazi ukwenza izinto ezinjengokushushumbisa isanti
Ngaphambi kokusebenza kolawulo lwesanti, umlinganiselo othile wamanzi asebenzayo alungiselelwe ngee-surfactants kufuneka afakwe njengolwelo lwe-preflush ukuze kucocwe ukwakheka, ukuze kuphuculwe impembelelo yolawulo lwesanti. Uninzi lwee-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngoku zii-anionic surfactants.
8,Izinto ezibangela ukungakwazi kokuphelelwa ngamanzi kwioyile eluhlaza
Kwizigaba zokuqala nezesibini zokubuyisela ioyile, ii-demulsifiers zamanzi kwioyile zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwioyile ekrwada eveliswayo. Izizukulwana ezithathu zeemveliso ziye zaphuhliswa. Isizukulwana sokuqala siquka ii-carboxylates, ii-sulfates, kunye nee-sulfonates. Isizukulwana sesibini siquka ii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-molecule ezinobunzima obuphantsi ezifana ne-OP, i-Pegosperse, kunye ne-sulfonated castor oil. Isizukulwana sesithathu zii-surfactants ezingezizo ii-molecule ezinobunzima obuphezulu. Kwisigaba sokubuyisela ioyile yesibini kunye nesigaba sokubuyisela ioyile yesithathu, ioyile ekrwada eveliswayo ifumaneka kakhulu kwimo yee-emulsions zeoyile emanzini. Kukho iintlobo ezine zee-demulsifiers ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana ne-tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride kunye ne-didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Ezi zinokusabela kunye nee-emulsifiers ze-anionic ukutshintsha ixabiso lazo le-hydrophilic-lipophilic balance, okanye zifunxe phezu kwamasuntswana odongwe amanzi ukuze zitshintshe ukumanzi kwazo kwaye ziphule i-emulsion yeoyile emanzini. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-anionic surfactants ezinokusebenza njengee-emulsifiers zamanzi kwi-oyile kunye nee-nonionic surfactants ezinyibilikayo kwi-oyile nazo zingasetyenziswa njengee-demulsifiers kwi-oyile-emulsifiers zamanzi.
9,Izinto zokucoca amanzi
Emva kokuba ioyile ekrwada yahlulwe kulwelo oluveliswe emthonjeni weoyile, amanzi avelisiweyo kufuneka aphathwe ukuze kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zokuphinda afakwe. Iinjongo zokunyanga amanzi ziquka iinkalo ezintandathu: ukuthintela ukugqwala, ukuthintela isikali, ukubulala iintsholongwane, ukukhupha ioyile, ukususwa kweoyile, kunye nokususwa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo. Ke ngoko, kusetyenziswa izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, izinto ezithintela isikali, izinto ezithintela iintsholongwane, izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, izinto ezisusa ioyile, izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, izinto ezithintela ukugqwala, njl.njl. Izinto ezibangela ukugqwala kwimveliso zezi zilandelayo:
Ii-surfactants zoshishino ezisetyenziswa njenge-corrosion inhibitors ziquka iityuwa ze-alkyl sulfonic acids, ii-alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, ii-perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, ii-alkyl amine salts ezithe tye, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, ii-alkyl pyridinium salts, iityuwa ze-imidazolines kunye ne-derivatives zazo, ii-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ii-polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, ii-polyoxyethylene rosin amines, ii-polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, ii-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, ii-quaternary amino inner salts ezahlukeneyo, kunye neetyuwa zangaphakathi ze-bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls kunye ne-derivatives zazo. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa njenge-scale inhibitors ziquka ii-phosphate esters, ii-sulfate esters, ii-acetate, ii-carboxylates, kunye nee-polyoxyethylene compounds zazo. Uzinzo lobushushu lwee-sulfonate esters kunye nee-carboxylates lungcono kakhulu kunolo lwee-phosphate esters kunye nee-sulfate esters. Ii-surfactants zoshishino ezisetyenziswa njengeebhaktheriya ziquka ii-alkyl amine salts ezithe tye, ii-quaternary ammonium salts, ii-alkyl pyridinium salts, ii-imidazolines kunye nee-derivatives zazo, ii-quaternary ammonium inner salts ezahlukeneyo, kunye nee-inner salts ze-bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls kunye nee-derivatives zazo. Ii-surfactants zoshishino ezisetyenziswa njengee-oyile zokususa ikakhulu zezo zinesakhiwo esinamasebe kwaye ziqulathe amaqela e-sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10,Izinto ezibangela ukukhukuliswa kweekhemikhali ekubuyiselweni kweoyile
Ukubuyiswa kweoyile yokuqala neyesibini kunokukhupha i-25% ukuya kwi-50% yeoyile engcolileyo engaphantsi komhlaba, kunye ne-oyile engcolileyo eninzi eseleyo phantsi komhlaba kwaye ingakwazi ukukhutshwa. Ukubuyiswa kweoyile ephezulu kunokuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokubuyiswa kweoyile. Ukubuyiswa kweoyile ephezulu kusetyenziswa kakhulu iindlela zokukhukula kweekhemikhali, oko kukuthi, ukongeza ezinye iikhemikhali emanzini afakwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kokukhukula kwamanzi. Phakathi kweekhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo, ezinye zeze-surfactants zoshishino, kwaye iimeko zazo zichazwe ngokufutshane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Indlela yokukhukula kweekhemikhali ene-surfactant njengesixhobo esiphambili ibizwa ngokuba yi-surfactant flooding. Ii-surfactants ikakhulu zidlala indima ekuphuculeni ukubuyiswa kweoyile ngokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwe-oyile-water interfacial kunye nokwandisa inani le-capillary. Ekubeni umphezulu wesakhiwo sesanti unetshaja engalunganga, ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswayo ikakhulu zii-anionic surfactants, kwaye uninzi lwazo zii-sulfonate surfactants. Yenziwa ngokususa iinxalenye zepetroleum ezinomxholo ophezulu we-hydrocarbon enukayo kusetyenziswa ii-sulfonating agents (ezifana ne-sulfur trioxide) kwaye emva koko zinyibilikise nge-alkali. Iinkcukacha zayo: isithako esisebenzayo 50% – 80%, ioyile yeminerali 5% – 30%, amanzi 2% – 20%, i-sodium sulfate 1% – 6%. Ii-sulfonates zepetroleum ziyamelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kodwa azimelani netyuwa kunye nee-ion zesinyithi eziphezulu. Ii-sulfonates zokwenziwa zilungiswa kwii-hydrocarbons ezihambelanayo kusetyenziswa iindlela zokwenziwa ezihambelanayo. Phakathi kwazo, ii-sulfonates ze-α-olefin ziyamelana kakhulu netyuwa kunye nee-ion zesinyithi eziphezulu. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-surfactants ze-anionic-nonionic kunye nee-surfactants ze-carboxylate nazo zinokusetyenziselwa ukugcwala kweoyile. Ukugcwala kwe-surfactant kufuna iintlobo ezimbini zezongezo: enye yi-cosurfactants, ezifana ne-isobutanol, i-diethylene glycol butyl ether, i-urea, i-sulfolane, i-alkenyl benzene sulfonates, njl.njl.; enye yi-electrolytes, kubandakanya ii-acids, i-alkalis, kunye neetyuwa, ikakhulu iityuwa. Zinokunciphisa ukuthambeka kwamanzi kwee-surfactants, zonyuse i-lipophilicity, kwaye zisebenze ngokutshintsha ixabiso lebhalansi ye-hydrophilic-lipophilic yee-surfactants. Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka kwee-surfactants kwaye kuphuculwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwezoqoqosho, ukukhukula kwe-surfactant kusebenzisa izinto zeekhemikhali ezibizwa ngokuba zii-sacrificial agents. Izinto ezinokusetyenziswa njengee-sacrificial agents ziquka izinto ze-alkaline, ii-polycarboxylic acids kunye neetyuwa zazo, ii-oligomers kunye nee-polymers nazo zingasetyenziswa njengee-sacrificial agents, kwaye ii-lignosulfonates kunye neemveliso zazo eziguquliweyo luhlobo lwe-sacrificial agents. Indlela yokukhukula ioyile esebenzisa ii-agents ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zokukhukula ioyile yeekhemikhali ibizwa ngokuba yi-composite flooding. Ezi ndlela zokukhukula ioyile ezinxulumene nee-surfactants ziquka: i-surfactant + i-polymer yokukhukula i-surfactant etyebileyo; i-alkali + i-surfactant yokukhukula i-surfactant e-alkali okanye i-surfactant e-alkali yokukhukula; i-alkali + i-surfactant + i-polymer yokukhukula i-composite ternary. Ukukhukula kwe-composite kudla ngokuba nokubuyiselwa okuphezulu kweoyile kune-single flooding. Ngokohlalutyo lweendlela zophuhliso lwangoku ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukukhukula kwe-ternary composite kuneengenelo eziphezulu kune-binary composite flooding. Ii-surfactants ezisetyenziswa kwizikhukula ze-ternary composite ikakhulu zii-petroleum sulfonates, kwaye zihlala zixutywe ne-sulfuric acid, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-carboxylate ye-polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, i-sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, njl.njl., ukuphucula ukumelana netyuwa. Kutshanje, amazwe asekhaya nakwamanye amazwe anikele ingqalelo kuphando kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-biosurfactants, ezifana nee-rhamnolipids, ii-sophorolipid fermentation broths, kunye nee-carboxylates zendalo ezixutyiweyo kunye ne-papermaking by-product alkali lignin, njl.njl., eziye zafumana iziphumo ezilungileyo zokukhukula kweoyile kwiimvavanyo zasentsimini naselebhu.
Ixesha leposi: Matshi-26-2026