Gukoresha surfactants mu gukora peteroli

1,Surfactantsbyakoreshejwe kurigucukura amavuta menshi

Bitewe n’ubucucike bwinshi n’amazi make y’amavuta akomeye, bitera ingorane nyinshi mu kuyakoresha. Kugira ngo amavuta akomeye akoreshwe, hari igihe amazi y’ibinyabutabire by’amazi ashyirwa mu mwobo kugira ngo ahindure amavuta akomeye afite ubucucike bwinshi mo emulsions z’amavuta mu mazi zifite ubucucike buke, hanyuma zigashyirwa hejuru. Ibinyabutabire bikoreshwa muri ubu buryo bwo gukusanya no kugabanya ubucucike birimo sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, nibindi. Ku binyabutabire by’amavuta biri mu mazi, ni ngombwa gutandukanya amazi, kandi bimwe mu binyabutabire by’inganda nabyo bikoreshwa nk’ibinyabutabire byo gukura amazi mu mubiri. Ibi binyabutabire ni ibinyabutabire by’amazi mu mavuta. Ibikunze gukoreshwa ni ibinyabutabire by’ingirabuzimafatizo, cyangwa aside naphthenic, aside asphaltic n’umunyu wabyo w’icyuma uvanze. Amavuta akomeye yihariye ntashobora gukoreshwa n'ibikoresho bisanzwe byo kuvoma kandi bisaba gutera umwuka kugira ngo ubushyuhe bugaruke. Kugira ngo hongerwe ingaruka zo kongera ubushyuhe, hagomba gukoreshwa imiti igabanya ubushyuhe. Gutera ifuro mu mwobo utera umwuka, ni ukuvuga gutera ifuro rirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'imyuka idakonjesha, ni bumwe mu buryo bukunze gukoreshwa mu gutegura. Imiti itera ifuro ikoreshwa cyane ni alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-olefin sulfonates, peteroli sulfonates, ether za polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol za sulfoalkylated, na ether za polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol za sulfoalkylated, nibindi. Kubera ko surfactants zifite fluorine zigira imikorere myinshi ku buso kandi zikaba zihamye kuri aside, alkali, ogisijeni, ubushyuhe n'amavuta, ni igikoresho cyiza cyo gusohora ifuro. Kugira ngo amavuta yatatanye anyure mu buryo bworoshye mu miterere y'imyanya y'aho ateye cyangwa kugira ngo amavuta ari ku buso bw'aho ateye byoroshye kwimuka, surfactants zitwa filime diffusing agents zirakenewe, kandi izikoreshwa cyane ni surfactants za oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer.

2,Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukuramo amavuta y'ubururu asa n'ibishishwa

Mu gukuramo amavuta y’ibishishwa asa n’ibishishwa, ni ngombwa gukora kenshi gukumira no gukuraho ibishishwa. Ibishishwa bikoreshwa nk'ibibuza ibishishwa no gukuraho ibishishwa. Ibishishwa bikoreshwa mu gukumira ibishishwa birimo ibishishwa bishonga mu mavuta n'ibishishwa bishonga mu mazi. Iya mbere igira ingaruka zo gukumira ibishishwa mu guhindura imiterere y'ubuso bwa kristu y'ibishishwa. Ibishishwa bikunze gukoreshwa mu gushonga mu mavuta ni sulfonates za peteroli na surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa amine. Ibishishwa bishonga mu mazi bigira uruhare mu gukumira ibishishwa mu guhindura imiterere y'ubuso bushyira ibishishwa (nk'ubuso bw'imiyoboro y'amavuta, inkoni zo gusukura, n'ibikoresho). Ibintu bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa birimo sodium alkyl sulfonates, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, hamwe n'umunyu wa sodium sulfonate, nibindi. Ibintu bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa nabyo biri mu byiciro bibiri: ibyo mu mazi bishongesha bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta, naho ibyo mu mazi bishongesha nk'ubwoko bwa sulfonate, ubwoko bwa quaternary ammonium salt, ubwoko bwa polyether, ubwoko bwa Tween, ibintu bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta, hamwe n'ibintu bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta bya Peregal na OP, bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mazi. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, haba mu gihugu no mu mahanga, gukuraho ibishishwa no gukumira byahujwe mu buryo bw'umwimerere, kandi ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukuraho ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta nabyo byahujwe mu buryo bw'umwimerere kugira ngo bikore ibikoresho bivange by'ibishishwa bishingiye ku mavuta. Ubwo bwoko bw'umuti ukuraho ishashi bukoresha hydrocarboni zihumura neza na hydrocarboni zihumura neza nk'igice cy'amavuta, hamwe n'ibigabanya ishashi bifite ingaruka zo gukuraho ishashi nk'igice cy'amazi. Iyo umuti ukuraho ishashi watoranijwe ari surfactant idafite ionic ifite ahantu hakwiye ho gucu, ushobora kugera cyangwa ukarenga aho uherereye ku bushyuhe buri munsi y'igice gishyiramo ishashi cy'amavuta, bityo bigatuma umuti ukuraho ishashi uvanze ukuraho ishashi mbere yo kwinjira mu gice gishyiramo ishashi, ucikamo ubwoko bubiri bw'ibikuraho ishashi, bigira ingaruka zo gukuraho ishashi icyarimwe.

3,Imiti ikoreshwa mu ibumba ritajegajega

Gutuza ibumba bikubiyemo ibintu bibiri: gukumira kubyimba kw'imyunyu ngugu y'ibumba no gukumira kwimuka kw'uduce tw'imyunyu ngugu y'ibumba. Mu gukumira kubyimba kw'ibumba, hashobora gukoreshwa imiti igabanya ubushyuhe nk'umunyu wa amine, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, umunyu wa pyridine, n'umunyu wa imidazoline. Mu gukumira kwimuka kw'uduce tw'imyunyu ngugu y'ibumba, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe y'ibumba irimo fluorine ishobora gukoreshwa.

4,Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima aside

Kugira ngo wongere imbaraga zo gutera aside, muri rusange ni ngombwa kongeramo ibintu bitandukanye mu gisubizo cya aside. Surfactant iyo ari yo yose ijyanye n'igisubizo cya aside kandi ikanashyirwa mu buryo bworoshye mu kuyirema ishobora gukoreshwa nk'umuti ugabanya aside. Ingero zirimo amine hydrochloride zirimo amavuta, umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary, n'umunyu wa pyridinium mu bisubizo bya cationic, hamwe na ether za sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, cyangwa sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol mu bisubizo bya amphoteric. Amwe mu mavuta ya surfactants, nka aside dodecyl sulfonic n'umunyu wayo wa alkylamine, ashobora gutera aside mu mavuta kugira ngo akore emulsion ya aside-in-mafuta, iyo ikoreshejwe nk'amazi akora aside, nayo ikora nk'umuti ugabanya aside.

Hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bishobora gukora nk'ibigabanya aside mu binyabutabire bitera aside. Ibintu bifite amashami menshi, nka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether na polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, bishobora gukora nk'ibigabanya aside mu binyabutabire.

Hari imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura aside yakoreshejwe, harimo umunyu wa amine, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, umunyu wa pyridinium, utari ionic, umunyu wa amphoteric, n'imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura aside ya fluorine.

Hari imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ikora nk'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu mavuta nka alkylphenols, aside fatty, aside alkylbenzenesulfonique, na quaternary ammonium salts. Bitewe n'uko aside idashonga neza, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu mavuta ishobora gukoreshwa mu kuyakwirakwiza mu gisubizo cya aside.

Kugira ngo hongerwe ingaruka zo kugabanya aside, hagomba kongerwamo ibikoresho byo guhindura aside kugira ngo bihindure uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ahantu hagera hafi y'amazi buva ku mazi asanzwe kugeza ku mazi asanzwe. Uruvange nka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether na phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether binyuzwa mu miterere y'aho hantu nk'urwego rw'ibanze rwo kugabanya ubushyuhe, bityo bigahindura uburyo bwo kugabanya ubushyuhe.

Byongeye kandi, bimwe mu bintu bifasha mu gukora ibintu nk'ibinure, nka amine hydrochloride, umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary, cyangwa ibintu bifasha mu gukora ibintu bitari ionic-anionic, bikoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro mu gutegura amazi akora aside y'ifuro, bigatuma habaho kugabanya ingaruka, gukumira ingese, no gutuma ibintu byimbitse bihinduka. Ubundi buryo, ibyo bintu bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo aside: nyuma yo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, aside iterwa nyuma. Impuzandengo ya Jamin ikomoka ku bifuro biri muri iyo furo ishobora guhindura umuti wa aside, ikawuhatira gushonga ibice bidahumeka neza bityo ikarushaho kunoza ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu.

5,Imiti ikoreshwa mu gupima imvune

Ingamba zo gucikamo ibice akenshi zikoreshwa mu bibanza bya peteroli bidakoresha ingufu nyinshi. Zirimo gukoresha igitutu kugira ngo imvune zivune, zikore imyenge, kandi zishyigikire imyenge hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bifasha mu kugabanya ubukana bw'amazi, bityo biganisha ku ntego yo kongera umusaruro no gutera. Amwe mu mazi afasha mu gucikamo ibice akorwa hamwe n'ibikoresho bifasha mu gucikamo ibice nk'imwe mu bigize ayo mazi. Amazi afasha mu gucikamo ibice mu mazi akorwa mu mazi, amavuta, na emulsifiers. Emulsifiers zikoreshwa zirimo ionic, non-ionic, na amphoteric surfactants. Iyo amazi akomeye akoreshejwe nk'igice cyo hanze n'amavuta nk'igice cyo imbere, hashobora gukorwa amavuta akomeye mu gucikamo ibice by'amazi (polymer emulsion). Ubu bwoko bw'amazi afasha mu gucikamo ibice bushobora gukoreshwa ku bushyuhe buri munsi ya 160°C kandi bushobora gukuramo amazi mu buryo bwikora no kuyasohora. Amazi afasha mu gucikamo ibice ni ayo afite amazi nk'uburyo bwo gucikamo ibice na gaze nk'igice cyo gucikamo ibice, ibice byayo by'ingenzi bikaba ari amazi, gaze, n'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro. Sulfonates za Alkyl, Sulfonates za Alkyl Benzene, Esters za Alkyl Sulfate, Umunyu wa Ammonium wa Quaternary, na Surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa OP byose bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro. Ubusanzwe ingano y'ibintu bitanga ifuro mu mazi ni 0.5–2%, kandi igipimo cy'ingano ya gaze ku ngano y'ifuro kiri hagati ya 0.5 na 0.9. Ibikoresho bitanga ifuro bikozwe hakoreshejwe amavuta nk'ikintu gitanga ifuro cyangwa uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza. Amavuta akoreshwa cyane mu murima ni amavuta mabi cyangwa ibice byayo biremereye. Kugira ngo yongere imikorere y'ubushyuhe n'ubukonje, hagomba kongerwamo sulfonates za peteroli zishonga mu mavuta (zifite uburemere bwa molekile 300–750). Ibikoresho bitanga ifuro bigizwe n'amavuta birimo kandi amazi asohoka mu mavuta n'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro mu mavuta. Iya mbere ikoresha surfactants za anionic zishonga mu mavuta, surfactants za cationic, na surfactants zitari izo mu mavuta nk'ibitera ifuro, mu gihe iya nyuma ikoresha surfactants za polymeric zirimo fluorine nk'ibitera ifuro. Amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi ni emulsion cyangwa ifuro byakozwe hakoreshejwe uruvange rwa alcool (nka ethylene glycol) n’amavuta (nka perosene) nk’uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza, dioxyde de carbone nk’uburyo bwo gushwanyagurika, na ethers za polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol zigizwe na sulfate nk’ibinyabutabire cyangwa ibikoresho bitanga ifuro, bikoreshwa mu gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi. Amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere y’amazi akora nk’amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere n’ibinyabutabire, bikoreshwa mu miterere ya karubone aho ingamba zombi zikorerwa icyarimwe. Ibijyanye n’ibinyabutabire ni ifuro rya aside n’ibinyabutabire bya aside; iya mbere ikoresha alkyl sulfonates cyangwa alkyl benzene sulfonates nk’ibikoresho bitanga ifuro, naho iya nyuma ikoresha ibinyabutabire byo mu bwoko bwa sulfonate nk’ibinyabutabire. Kimwe n’ibinyabutabire bitanga ifuro, amazi yo gushwanyaguza imiterere anakoresha ibinyabutabire nk’ibinyabutabire, ibinyabutabire byo gusukura, n’ibinyabutabire byo guhindura ubushyuhe, ibyo bitazasobanurwa hano.

6,Imiti ikoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere y'amazi no kuyafunga

Kugira ngo hongerwe imikorere myiza y’amazi aturuka ku muvuduko w’amazi no kugabanya umuvuduko wo kwiyongera kw’amazi akomoka ku mavuta, ni ngombwa guhindura imiterere y’amazi mu byuma bishyirwamo inshinge no gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zo kuziba amazi mu byuma bikorerwamo nk’uburyo bwo gukangura. Bumwe muri ubu buryo bwo kugenzura imiterere n’amazi akenshi bukoresha ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikoreshwa mu gufunga. Umuti ukoreshwa mu kugenzura imiterere ya gel ya HPC/SDS utegurwa uvanze hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) na sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mu mazi meza. Sodium alkyl sulfonate na alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride bishongeshwa mu mazi kugira ngo bitegure amazi abiri akora, ashyirwa mu buryo bukurikiranye. Amazi abiri akora ahura mu buryo butuma alkyl sulfite ihinduka ya alkyl trimethyl amine, ibuza urwego rworoshye kwinjiramo. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, nibindi, bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga ifuro. Bishongeshwa mu mazi kugira ngo bitegure amazi akora, hanyuma bigashyirwa mu buryo busimburana hamwe n’amazi akora ya karuboni dioxyde. Ibi birema ifuro mu miterere yaryo (cyane cyane mu bice bipima ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyane), bigatera kuziba no kugera ku ngaruka zo kugenzura imiterere yaryo. Surfactant yo mu bwoko bwa ammonium salt-type ikoreshwa nk'ifuro, ishongeshwa muri silica sol yakozwe muri ammonium sulfate n'ikirahure cy'amazi, hanyuma igashyirwa mu miterere yaryo. Hanyuma, haterwa gaze idakonjesha (gaze karemano cyangwa gaze ya chlorine), ibanza gukora ifuro irimo amazi nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza mu miterere yaryo, hanyuma gels za silica sol zigakora ifuro ifite imbaraga nk'uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza, bityo igahagarika ibice bipima ubushobozi bwo kwinjira cyane no kugera ku miterere yaryo. Hakoreshejwe surfactants zo mu bwoko bwa sulfonate nk'ibikoresho bitanga ifuro n'ibinyabutabire byinshi nk'ibintu bikomeza ifuro no gushimangira ifuro, hagakurikiraho gutera gaze cyangwa ibintu bitanga gaze, ifuro rishingiye ku mazi rikorwa hejuru cyangwa mu miterere yaryo. Mu gice cy'amavuta, ingano nini ya surfactant yimukira ku gice cy'amazi n'amavuta, bigatuma ifuro ricika, bityo ntirizibire urwego rw'amavuta kandi rikaba ikintu gihitamo cyo kuziba amazi mu masoko y'amavuta. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi gishingiye kuri sima gikozwe muri peteroli ni sima ishyirwa muri peteroli. Ubuso bwa sima burakunda amazi. Iyo yinjiye mu gice gitanga amazi, amazi asimbura amavuta ku buso bwa sima maze agahura na sima, bigatuma sima ikomera kandi igafunga urwego rutanga amazi. Kugira ngo iyi mashini yo gufunga irusheho kugenda neza, hakunze kongerwamo ibintu bikozwe muri karubokisilate na sulfonate. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amazi cya micellar gikozwe muri peteroli ni umuti wa micellar ugizwe ahanini na ammonium peteroli sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, nibindi. Iyo ihuye n'amazi menshi y'umunyu mu mikorere yayo, ishobora kuba ndende kugira ngo igere ku ngaruka zo gufunga amazi. Ibintu bikozwe muri cationic surfactant bishingiye ku mazi cyangwa amavuta, bigizwe ahanini na alkyl carboxylate na alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, bikoreshwa gusa ku miterere y'amabuye y'umucanga. Igikoresho cyo gufunga amavuta akomeye ni amavuta akomeye ashongeshejwe hamwe n'ibice bivanga amazi mu mavuta. Iyo ihuye n'amazi mu buryo bw'irema, ikora emulsion y'amazi mu mavuta ifite ubukana bwinshi kugira ngo amazi ashobore gufunga. Ikoreshwa mu gufunga amavuta mu mazi rikorwa hakoreshejwe emulsion y'amavuta mu mazi ikoresheje cationic surfactants nk'ikoreshwa mu gufunga amavuta mu mazi.

7,Imiti ikoreshwa mu kugenzura umucanga

Mbere yo kugenzura umucanga, amazi runaka ategurwa hamwe n’ibinyabutabire bigomba guterwa nk’amazi yo gusukura mbere y’uko bitangira, kugira ngo binoze uburyo bwo kugenzura umucanga. Inyinshi mu binyabutabire bikunze gukoreshwa muri iki gihe ni ibinyabutabire bikomoka kuri anionic.

8,Imiti ikoreshwa mu kugabanya amazi mu mavuta

Mu cyiciro cya mbere n'icya kabiri cyo kugarura amavuta, ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa demulsifiers bikoreshwa cyane cyane mu mavuta akozwe. Hakozwe ibisekuru bitatu by'ibicuruzwa. Icyiciro cya mbere kirimo karubokisilate, sulfates, na sulfonates. Icyiciro cya kabiri kigizwe n'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa nonionic bifite uburemere buke nka OP, Pegosperse, na sulfonates. Icyiciro cya gatatu ni ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa nonionic bifite uburemere buke bwa molecular. Mu cyiciro cya nyuma cyo kugarura amavuta no mu cyiciro cya gatatu cyo kugarura amavuta, amavuta akozwe ahanini aba mu buryo bwa emulsions z'amavuta mu mazi. Hari ubwoko bune bwa demulsifiers zikoreshwa, nka tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride na didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Ibi bishobora gukorana na emulsifiers za anionic kugira ngo bihindure agaciro kabyo k'uburinganire bwa hydrophilic-lipophilic, cyangwa bikinjira ku buso bw'uduce tw'ibumba dutose mu mazi kugira ngo bihindure ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kumena no gucikamo emulsion y'amavuta mu mazi. Byongeye kandi, hari imiti igabanya ubushyuhe ishobora gukora nk'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu mazi n'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu mavuta ishobora gukoreshwa nk'imiti igabanya ubushyuhe mu mazi.

9,Imiti ikoreshwa mu gusukura amazi

Nyuma y'uko amavuta yakuwe mu mazi avanywe mu mwobo w'amavuta, amazi yakozwe agomba gusukurwa kugira ngo yuzuze ibisabwa byo kongera kuyashyira mu mazi. Intego zo gutunganya amazi zirimo ibintu bitandatu: gukumira ingese, gukumira ibipimo, gusukura, gukuraho ogisijeni, gukuraho amavuta, no gukuraho ibintu bikomeye bihagaze. Kubwibyo, imiti ibuza ingese, imiti ibuza ingese, imiti yica bagiteri, imiti ibuza ingese, imiti ikuraho amavuta, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, imiti igabanya ubushyuhe, nibindi, irakoreshwa. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda ni iyi ikurikira:

Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda ikoreshwa mu gukumira ingese irimo umunyu wa aside ya alkyl sulfonic, aside ya alkyl benzene sulfonic, aside ya perfluoroalkyl sulfonic, umunyu wa alkyl amine ugororotse, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, umunyu wa alkyl pyridinium, umunyu wa imidazolines n'ibikomoka kuri yo, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, umunyu w'imbere wa amino wa quaternary, n'umunyu w'imbere wa alkyl bis (polyoxyethylene) n'ibikomoka kuri yo. Imiti ikoreshwa mu gukumira ingese irimo fosfeti esters, sulfate esters, acetates, carboxylates, n'ibinyabutabire byayo bya polyoxyethylene. Ubushyuhe bwa esters na carboxylates za sulfonate ni bwiza cyane kuruta ubwa esters za phosphate na sulfate. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda ikoreshwa nk'imiti yica bagiteri irimo umunyu wa alkyl amine ugororotse, umunyu wa quaternary ammonium, umunyu wa alkyl pyridinium, umunyu wa imidazolines n'ibikomoka kuri yo, umunyu w'imbere wa quaternary ammonium, n'umunyu w'imbere wa bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls n'ibikomoka kuri yo. Imiti ikoreshwa mu nganda ikoreshwa nk'imiti ikuraho amavuta ni iyo ifite imiterere y'amashami kandi irimo amatsinda ya sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10,Imashini zikoreshwa mu kuzura ibinyabutabire mu kugarura amavuta

Gukuramo amavuta y’ibanze n’ay’inyongera bishobora gukuramo 25% – 50% bya peteroli y’ubutaka, hamwe n’amavuta menshi y’ubutaka asigara munsi y’ubutaka kandi ntashobora gukurwamo. Gukuramo amavuta y’inyongera bishobora kunoza imikorere yo kugarura amavuta. Gukuramo amavuta y’inyongera ahanini bikoresha uburyo bwa shimi bwo kuzura, ni ukuvuga kongeramo imiti imwe n’imwe mu mazi yatewe kugira ngo binoze imikorere yo kuzura amazi. Mu miti ikoreshwa, imwe ni iy’inganda zikora surfactants, kandi imiterere yayo igaragazwa muri make ku buryo bukurikira: Uburyo bwo kuzura hakoreshejwe surfactant nk’ikintu nyamukuru cyitwa surfactant flooding. Surfactants zigira uruhare mu kunoza imikorere y’amavuta binyuze mu kugabanya imbaraga hagati y’amavuta n’amazi no kongera umubare w’imiyoboro y’amaraso. Kubera ko ubuso bw’amabuye y’umucanga bufite umuriro mubi, surfactants zikoreshwa ahanini ni anionic surfactants, kandi nyinshi muri zo ni sulfonate surfactants. Ikorwa hakoreshejwe sulfonating fractions za peteroli zifite aromatike nyinshi hifashishijwe sulfonating agents (nka sulfur trioxide) hanyuma zikayigabanya hifashishijwe alkali. Ibiranga: ikintu gikora 50% – 80%, amavuta y’ubutare 5% – 30%, amazi 2% – 20%, sodium sulfate 1% – 6%. Sulfonates za peteroli zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi ariko ntizirwanya umunyu na iyoni z’icyuma zirwanya valent. Sulfonates za synthetic zikorwa mu mashini zikoresha hydrocarbons zijyanye nazo hakoreshejwe uburyo bujyanye na zo. Muri zo, α-olefin sulfonates zirwanya cyane umunyu na iyoni z’icyuma zirwanya valent. Byongeye kandi, zimwe mu surfactants za anionic-nonionic na surfactants za carboxylate nazo zishobora gukoreshwa mu gusukura amavuta. Surfactant ikenera ubwoko bubiri bw’inyongera: imwe ni cosurfactants, nka isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, nibindi; indi ni electrolytes, harimo aside, alkali, n’umunyu, cyane cyane umunyu. Bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwo gutwikira amazi bwa surfactants, byongera ubushobozi bwo gutwikira amazi, ndetse bikanakora binyuze mu guhindura agaciro k’ibipimo bya surfactants. Kugira ngo bigabanye igihombo cya surfactants no kunoza ubukungu, surfactant ikoresha ibintu bya shimi byitwa sacrifice agents. Ibintu bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga igitambo birimo alkaline, aside polycarboxylic n'umunyu wazo, oligomer na polymers nabyo bishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibintu bitanga igitambo, kandi lignosulfonates n'ibicuruzwa byazo byahinduwe ni ubwoko bw'ibintu bitanga igitambo. Uburyo bwo kuzura amavuta bukoresha ibintu bibiri cyangwa byinshi by'ingenzi mu kuzura amavuta ya shimi bwitwa composite flooding. Ubwo buryo bwo kuzura amavuta bujyanye n'ibintu bitanga ibikoresho birimo: surfactant + polymer yo kuzura surfactant ikomeye; alkali + surfactant yo kuzura surfactant yongerewe imbaraga cyangwa surfactant yongerewe imbaraga; alkali + surfactant + polymer yo kuzura ternary composite. Imyuzure ivanze ubusanzwe igira ubushobozi bwo kugarura amavuta menshi kuruta imyuzure imwe. Dukurikije isesengura ry'iterambere ririho mu gihugu no mu mahanga, imyuzure ivanze ifite inyungu nyinshi kuruta imyuzure ivanze. Ibintu bikoreshwa mu myuzure ya ternary composite ni sulfonates za peteroli, kandi akenshi bivanzemo aside sulfuriki, aside phosphoric na carboxylate ya polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, nibindi, kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo kurwanya umunyu. Vuba aha, ibihugu byo mu gihugu no mu mahanga byashyize ingenzi ku bushakashatsi no gukoresha biosurfactants, nka rhamnolipides, sophorolipid fermentation broths, hamwe na carboxylates zivanze karemano hamwe na alkali lignin ikomoka ku mpapuro, byagize ingaruka nziza ku myuzure ya peteroli mu isuzuma ry’ubutaka no muri laboratwari.