Codsiga surfactants ee wax soo saarka saliidda

1,Daawaynta hawadaloo isticmaalosoo saarista saliidda culus

Sababtoo ah daxalka sare iyo dareeraha liita ee saliidda culus, waxay keentaa dhibaatooyin badan oo ku yimaada isticmaalka. Si loo soo saaro saliidda culus, xalalka biyaha ee surfactants mararka qaarkood ayaa lagu duraa ceelka si loogu beddelo saliidda culus ee aadka u dhuuban ee loo beddelo emulsions saliid-ku-jirta biyaha oo hooseeya, kuwaas oo markaa lagu shubo dusha sare. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo habkan yaraynta daxalka saliidda culus iyo habkan yaraynta daxalka waxaa ka mid ah sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, iwm. Si loo soo saaro daxalka saliidda-ku-jirta biyaha, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la kala saaro biyaha, qaar ka mid ah daxalka warshadaha ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sidii daxalka fuuq-baxa. Daxalkani waa daxalka biyaha-ku-jirta saliidda. Kuwa caadiga ah ee la isticmaalo waa daxalka cationic, ama asiidhyada naphthenic, asiidhyada asfaltic iyo milixdooda birta polyvalent. Saliidda culus ee gaarka ah laguma isticmaali karo cutubyada bamgareynta caadiga ah waxayna u baahan tahay duritaan uumi ah si loo soo celiyo kulaylka. Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta soo kabashada kulaylka, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo surfactants. Ku duritaanka xumbo si fiican loogu duro uumiga, taas oo ah, duritaanka walxaha xumbada u adkaysta heerkulka sare iyo gaasaska aan la isku milmi karin, waa mid ka mid ah hababka diyaarinta ee caadiga ah. Wakiilada xumbada ee caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, iyo sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, iwm. Maadaama surfactants fluorinated ay leeyihiin firfircooni sare oo dusha sare ah oo ay ku xasilaan asiidhyada, alkalis, oksijiinta, kulaylka iyo saliidda, waa wakiillo ku habboon xumbo heerkulka sare. Si saliidda kala firdhisan ay si fudud ugu gudubto qaab-dhismeedka daloolka cunaha ee sameynta ama si saliidda dusha sare ee sameynta looga dhigo mid si fudud loo barokiciyo, surfactants-ka loo yaqaan wakiilada filimka faafinaya ayaa loo baahan yahay, kuwa caadiga ahna loo isticmaalo waa surfactants phenolic resin polymer surfactants.

2,Waxyaabaha loo yaqaan 'surfactants' ee soo saara saliidda cayriin ee wax lagu shubo

Marka la soo saarayo saliid cayriin ah oo shay leh, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in si joogto ah loo sameeyo ka hortagga shamaca iyo ka saarista shamaca. Surfactants-ka waxaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wax ka hortaga shamaca iyo ka saarista shamaca. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo ka hortagga shamaca waxaa ka mid ah surfactants-ka ku milma saliidda iyo surfactants-ka ku milma biyaha. Kan hore wuxuu leeyahay saameyn ka hortag shamaca isagoo beddelaya sifooyinka dusha sare ee kiristaalka shamaca. Surfactants-ka saliidda ku milma ee caadiga ah waa sulfonates-ka batroolka iyo surfactants-ka nooca amine. Surfactants-ka biyaha ku milma waxay door ka ciyaaraan ka hortagga shamaca iyagoo beddelaya sifooyinka dusha sare ee shamaca ku milma (sida dusha sare ee tuubooyinka saliidda, ulaha nuuga, iyo qalabka). Surfactants-ka la heli karo waxaa ka mid ah sodium alkyl sulfonates, cusbada ammonium quaternary, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, iyo cusbada sodium sulfonate, iwm. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo ka saarista wax sidoo kale waxay u qaybsan yihiin laba qaybood: kuwa saliidda ku milma waxaa loo isticmaalaa ka saarista wax ku salaysan saliidda, iyo kuwa biyaha ku milma sida sulfonate-nooca, quaternary ammonium milix-nooca, polyether-nooca, Tween-nooca, OP-nooca surfactants, iyo sidoo kale sulfate-esterified ama sulfoalkylated Peregal-nooca iyo OP-nooca surfactants, ayaa loo isticmaalaa ka saarista wax ku salaysan biyaha. Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, gudaha iyo dibaddaba, ka saarista iyo ka hortagga wax ku salaysan ayaa si dabiici ah loo isku daray, ka saarista wax ku salaysan saliidda iyo ka saarista wax ku salaysan biyaha ayaa sidoo kale si dabiici ah loo isku daray si loo soo saaro ka saarista wax isku dhafan. Noocan ka saarista wax ku salaysan wuxuu isticmaalaa hydrocarbons aromatic iyo hydrocarbons aromatic isku dhafan marxaladda saliidda, iyo emulsifiers-ka leh saamaynta ka saarista wax marka marxaladda biyaha la joogo. Marka emulsifier-ka la doortay uu yahay surfactant aan ionic ahayn oo leh meel daruur ku habboon, wuxuu gaari karaa ama ka gudbi karaa barta daruurtiisa heerkulka ka hooseeya qaybta kaydka shamaca ee ceelka saliidda, taasoo keenta in qalabka wax ka saara nooca isku dhafan uu baabi'iyo ka hor inta uusan gelin qaybta kaydinta shamaca, isagoo u kala qaybinaya laba nooc oo ah qalabka wax ka saara shamaca, kuwaas oo isla mar wada sameeya saamaynta saarista shamaca.

3,Surfactants loo isticmaalo dhoobada deggan

Xasilinta dhoobada waxay ku lug leedahay laba dhinac: ka hortagga bararka macdanta dhoobada iyo ka hortagga socdaalka walxaha macdanta dhoobada ah. Si looga hortago bararka dhoobada, walxaha cationic sida nooca cusbada amine, nooca cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, nooca cusbada pyridine, iyo milixda imidazoline ayaa la isticmaali karaa. Si looga hortago socdaalka walxaha macdanta dhoobada ah, waxaa la isticmaali karaa walxaha aan ionic-cationic ahayn ee fluorine-ka ku jira.

4,Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo cabbiraadaha aashitada

Si kor loogu qaado saameynta aashitada, guud ahaan waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in lagu daro waxyaabo kala duwan oo lagu daro xalka aashitada. Surfactant kasta oo la jaanqaadaya xalka aashitada oo si fudud loogu nuugo sameynta waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii aashitada celinaysa. Tusaalooyinka waxaa ka mid ah dufanka amine hydrochloride, cusbada aashitada quaternary, iyo milixda pyridinium ee ka mid ah surfactants-ka cationic, iyo sidoo kale sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, ama sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers oo ka mid ah amphoteric surfactants. Qaar ka mid ah surfactants, sida dodecyl sulfonic acid iyo milixda alkylamine-keeda, waxay emuls ku samayn karaan xalka aashitada ee saliidda si ay u sameeyaan emulsion aashitada-saliidda ku jirta, kaas oo, marka loo isticmaalo dareere shaqeynaya aashitada, sidoo kale u shaqeeya sidii retarder.

Qaar ka mid ah walxaha surfactant-ka ah waxay u dhaqmi karaan sidii kuwa wax ka dila dareeraha aashitada. Waxyaabaha surfactant-ka leh ee leh qaab-dhismeedyo laamo leh, sida polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether iyo polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, waxay u adeegi karaan kuwa wax ka dila aashitada.

Surfactants qaarkood waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii walxo lagu daro nadiifinta aashitada, oo ay ku jiraan nooca cusbada amine, nooca cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, nooca cusbada pyridinium, nooca non-ionic, amphoteric, iyo surfactants fluorinated.

Qaar ka mid ah surfactants-ka waxay u shaqeeyaan sidii kuwa ka hortaga aashitada, sida surfactants-ka ku milma saliidda sida alkylphenols, acids fatty, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, iyo cusbada ammonium quaternary. Sababtoo ah milmidooda aashitada oo liidata, surfactants-ka aan ionic ahayn ayaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu kala firdhiyo xalka aashitada.

Si loo hagaajiyo saameynta aashitada, wax ka beddelka qoyaanka ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro xalka aashitada si loo beddelo qoyaanka aagga ceelka u dhow laga bilaabo saliid-qoyan ilaa biyo-qoyan. Isku-darka sida polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether iyo phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether waxaa nuuga sameysanka iyagoo ah lakabka nuugista ee aasaasiga ah, taasoo keenta dib-u-noqoshada qoyaanka.

Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah surfactants-ka, sida dufanka amine hydrochloride, cusbada ammonium quaternary, ama kuwa aan ionic-anionic ahayn, ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wakiilo xumbo siiya si loo diyaariyo dareerayaasha shaqeeya ee aashitada xumbo, kuwaas oo gaara ujeedooyinka dib u dhigista falcelinta, joojinta daxalka, iyo aashitada sameynta qoto dheer. Taas beddelkeeda, xumbada noocaas ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii suufyo hore loogu talagalay aashitada: ka dib marka lagu duro sameynta, xalka aashitada ayaa la duraa ka dib. Saamaynta Jamin ee ka dhalata xumbo ku jirta xumbada ayaa leexin karta xalka aashitada, taasoo ku qasbeysa inay inta badan milmaan lakabyada hoose ee daloolinta sidaas darteedna ay hagaajiso saameynta aashitada.

5,Qalabka loo yaqaan 'surfactants' ee loo isticmaalo cabbiraadaha jabka

Tallaabooyinka jabka waxaa badanaa lagu dabaqaa goobaha saliidda ee aan si fiican u dhex gelin. Waxay ku lug leeyihiin isticmaalka cadaadiska si loo jabiyo sameynta, abuurista dildilaacyo, iyo kor u qaadista dildilaacyada iyadoo la adeegsanayo qalab si loo yareeyo iska caabbinta socodka dareeraha, taasoo keentay in la gaaro yoolka ah in la kordhiyo wax soo saarka iyo duritaanka. Dareeraha jabka qaarkood waxaa lagu sameeyay surfactants oo ka mid ah qaybahooda. Dareeraha jabka saliidda ee biyaha ku jira waxaa laga diyaariyaa biyaha, saliidda, iyo emulsifiers. Emulsifiers-ka la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah ionic, non-ionic, iyo amphoteric surfactants. Haddii biyaha qaro weyn loo isticmaalo marxaladda dibadda iyo saliidda oo ah marxaladda gudaha, waxaa la samayn karaa dareere jabka saliidda ee biyaha ku jira oo qaro weyn (polymer emulsion). Noocan dareeraha jabka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa heerkulka ka hooseeya 160°C waxayna si toos ah u baabi'in karaan oo u daadin karaan dareerayaasha. Dareeraha jabka xumbo waa kuwa biyaha u ah habka kala firdhinta iyo gaaska oo ah marxaladda kala firdhisan, kuwaas oo qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ay yihiin biyaha, gaaska, iyo wakiilada xumbada. Alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, cusbada ammonium quaternary, iyo surfactants nooca OP dhammaantood waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiillo xumbo. Isugeynta wakiilada xumbo ee biyaha ku jira guud ahaan waa 0.5–2%, saamiga mugga wejiga gaaska iyo mugga xumbada wuxuu u dhexeeyaa 0.5 ilaa 0.9. Dareeraha jabka ku salaysan saliidda waxaa lagu sameeyay saliid ahaan sida dareeraha ama kala firdhinta. Saliidaha ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo codsiyada goobta waa saliid cayriin ah ama jajabyada culus. Si loo hagaajiyo waxqabadka heerkulka viscosity-ga, waxaa loo baahan yahay in lagu daro sulfonates-ka batroolka ee ku milma saliidda (oo leh miisaan molecular ah oo ah 300–750). Dareeraha jabka ku salaysan saliidda waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dareerayaasha jabka ku jira saliidda iyo dareerayaasha jabka ku jira saliidda. Kan hore wuxuu isticmaalaa surfactants anionic-ka ku milma saliidda, surfactants cationic, iyo surfactants-ka aan ionic-ka ahayn sida emulsifiers, halka kan dambe uu isticmaalo surfactants-ka polymeric-ka ku jira fluorine sida xasiliyeyaasha xumbada. Dareeraha jajabka ee qaab-dhismeedka xasaasiga ah ee biyaha waa emulsions ama xumbo lagu sameeyay isku darka aalkolada (sida ethylene glycol) iyo saliidaha (sida kerosene) oo ah dhexdhexaadka kala firdhinta, dareere kaarboon laba ogsaydh ah oo ah marxaladda kala firdhisan, iyo ethers polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol oo sulfated ah sida emulsifiers ama wakiilada xumbo, oo loo isticmaalo qaab-dhismeedka xasaasiga ah ee biyaha. Dareeraha jajabka ee aashitada jabka waxay u adeegaan labadaba dareerayaasha jajabka iyo dareerayaasha aashitada, oo loo isticmaalo qaab-dhismeedka carbonate halkaas oo labada cabbirba si isku mar ah loo sameeyo. Kuwa la xiriira surfactants waa xumbada aashitada iyo emulsions aashitada; kan hore wuxuu isticmaalaa alkyl sulfonates ama alkyl benzene sulfonates sida wakiilada xumbo, kan dambena wuxuu isticmaalaa surfactants nooca sulfonate sida emulsifiers. Sida dareerayaasha aashitada, dareerayaasha jajabka waxay sidoo kale u isticmaalaan surfactants sida demulsifiers, waxyaabaha lagu daro nadiifinta, iyo wakiilada dib u celinta qoyaanka, taas oo aan halkan lagu faahfaahin doonin.

6,Qalabka dul-saarista biyaha ee loo isticmaalo xakamaynta astaanta iyo cabbiraadaha ku xidhidda biyaha

Si loo hagaajiyo waxtarka koritaanka daadadka biyaha iyo in la joojiyo heerka kororka jarista biyaha saliidda cayriin, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la hagaajiyo muuqaalka nuugista biyaha ee ceelasha duritaanka iyo in la hirgeliyo cabbiraadaha xidhitaanka biyaha ee ceelasha wax soo saarka sida hababka kicinta. Qaar ka mid ah hababka xakamaynta muuqaalka iyo xidhitaanka biyaha ayaa badanaa isticmaala surfactants gaar ah. Wakiilka xakamaynta muuqaalka jel HPC/SDS waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo lagu qasayo hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) iyo sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) biyo nadiif ah. Sodium alkyl sulfonate iyo alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride ayaa si isku mid ah loogu milmaa biyo si loo diyaariyo laba dareere oo shaqeeya, kuwaas oo si isdaba joog ah loogu duro sameynta. Labada dareere ee shaqeeya ayaa ku kulma sameynta, iyagoo soo saaraya alkyl sulfite oo ka mid ah alkyl trimethyl amine, kuwaas oo xannibaya lakabka sare ee sii daaya. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, iwm., waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sidii wakiilo xumbo leh. Waxaa lagu milmaa biyo si loo diyaariyo dareere shaqeynaya, kaas oo markaa si beddelka ah loogu duro sameynta dareere kaarboon laba ogsaydh ah oo shaqeeya. Tani waxay samaysaa xumbo ku jirta sameynta (inta badan lakabyada sare ee sii waara), taasoo keenta xannibaad iyo in la gaaro saameynta xakamaynta astaanta. Surfactant-ka cusbada ammonium-ka ee quaternary ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii wakiil xumbo xumeynaya, oo lagu milmo silica sol laga diyaariyey ammonium sulfate iyo galaas biyo ah, ka dibna lagu duro sameynta. Kadib, gaaska aan sii waaraayn (gaaska dabiiciga ah ama gaaska chlorine) ayaa la duraa, kaas oo marka hore soo saara xumbo dareere ah oo ah dhexdhexaad kala firdhisan sameynta, ka dibna jel silica sol si loo soo saaro xumbo adag oo ah dhexdhexaad kala firdhisan, taasoo xannibaysa lakabyada sare ee sii waara oo gaarta xakamaynta astaanta. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo surfactants-ka nooca sulfonate sida wakiillo xumbo iyo iskudhisyo molecular sare ah sida wakiillo dhumuc iyo xasilin xumbo, oo ay ku xigto duritaanka gaaska ama walxaha dhaliya gaaska, xumbo ku salaysan biyaha ayaa laga soo saaraa dusha sare ama sameynta. Lakabka saliidda, xaddi badan oo surfactant ah ayaa u dhaqaaqa is-dhexgalka saliidda iyo biyaha, taasoo keenta in xumbadu jabto, sidaa darteed ma xannibto lakabka saliidda waana wakiil saliid ceel biyo ah oo xulasho ah. Wakiilka ku xidha biyaha sibidhka ee ku salaysan saliidda waa joojinta sibidhka ee saliidda. Dusha sare ee sibidhka waa mid biyo-u-adkeysi leh. Marka uu galo lakabka soo saara biyaha, biyuhu waxay saliidda ku shubaan dusha sare ee sibidhka waxayna la falgalaan sibidhka, taasoo keenta in sibidhku adkaado oo uu xannibo lakabka soo saara biyaha. Si loo hagaajiyo dareeraha wakiilkan ku-adkeysi leh, waxaa badanaa lagu daraa surfactants nooca carboxylate iyo nooca sulfonate. Wakiilka ku-adkeysi leh dareeraha micellar ee ku salaysan biyaha waa xal micellar ah oo inta badan ka kooban ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, iwm. Marka uu la kulmo biyo aad u milix badan oo ku jira sameynta, waxay noqon kartaa mid fiiqan si loo gaaro saameynta ku-adkeysi leh biyaha. Wakiilada ku-adkeysi leh xalka cationic surfactant ee ku salaysan biyaha ama saliidda, kuwaas oo inta badan ka kooban alkyl carboxylate iyo alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, waxay khuseeyaan oo keliya sameynta dhagaxa ciidda. Wakiilka ku-adkeysi leh saliidda culus ee firfircoon waa saliid culus oo lagu milmay emulsifiers biyaha ku-jira. Marka uu la kulmo biyaha marka la sameynayo, waxay soo saartaa emulsion biyo-ku-jira saliidda oo aad u dhuuban si loo gaaro ku-adkeysi leh biyaha. Wakiilka ku xidha saliidda biyaha waxaa lagu diyaariyaa iyadoo lagu shubayo saliid culus oo biyaha ku jirta iyadoo la adeegsanayo walxaha cationic surfactants sida emulsifiers-ka saliidda biyaha ku jira.

7,Daawaynta biyaha ee cabbiraadaha xakamaynta ciidda

Kahor inta aan la fulin hawlgallada xakamaynta ciidda, xaddi gaar ah oo biyo firfircoon ah oo lagu diyaariyey surfactants ayaa loo baahan yahay in lagu duro sidii dareere hore loo nadiifiyo si loo nadiifiyo samayska, si loo hagaajiyo saameynta xakamaynta ciidda. Inta badan surfactants-ka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo hadda waa surfactants anionic.

8,Waxyaabaha lagu nadiifiyo ee loogu talagalay fuuq-baxa saliidda cayriin

Marxaladaha soo kabashada saliidda aasaasiga ah iyo tan labaad, demulsifiers-ka biyaha ku jira saliidda ayaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa saliidda cayriin ee la soo saaray. Saddex jiil oo badeecooyin ah ayaa la sameeyay. Jiilka koowaad waxaa ka mid ah carboxylates, sulfates, iyo sulfonates. Jiilka labaad wuxuu ka kooban yahay surfactants aan miisaankoodu hooseeyo sida OP, Pegosperse, iyo saliidda castor ee sulfonated. Jiilka saddexaad waa surfactants aan miisaankoodu badan yahay ee molecular. Marxaladda dambe ee soo kabashada saliidda labaad iyo marxaladda soo kabashada saliidda saddexaad, saliidda cayriin ee la soo saaray waxay inta badan ku jirtaa qaab emulsions saliid ku jira biyaha. Waxaa jira afar nooc oo demulsifiers ah oo la isticmaalo, sida tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride iyo didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Kuwani waxay la falgeli karaan emulsifiers anionic si ay u beddelaan qiimaha dheelitirka hydrophilic-lipophilic, ama waxay ku nuugaan dusha sare ee walxaha dhoobada biyaha ku jira si ay u beddelaan qoyaankooda oo ay u jebiyaan emulsion-ka saliidda ku jira biyaha. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah walxaha anionic ee u dhaqmi kara sida emulsifiers-ka biyaha ku jira iyo kuwa aan ionic ahayn ee saliidda ku milma ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa sidii demulsifiers-ka loogu talagalay emulsions-ka saliidda ku jira.

9,Daawaynta biyaha ee loogu talagalay daaweynta biyaha

Ka dib marka saliidda cayriin laga sooco dareeraha laga soo saaro ceel saliid ah, biyaha la soo saaray waxay u baahan yihiin in la daaweyo si ay u buuxiyaan shuruudaha dib-u-durista. Ujeeddooyinka daaweynta biyaha waxaa ka mid ah lix dhinac: joojinta daxalka, ka hortagga miisaanka, nadiifinta, deoxygenation, ka saarista saliidda, iyo ka saarista adag ee la hakiyey. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la isticmaalaa inhibitors-ka daxalka, inhibitors-ka miisaanka, bakteeriyada disha, deoksidizer-ka, ka saarista saliidda, flocculants, iwm. Surfactants-ka warshadaha ee ku lug leh waa sida soo socota:

Waxyaabaha warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo sidii kuwa ka hortaga daxalka waxaa ka mid ah cusbooyinka alkyl sulfonic acids, asiidhyada alkyl benzene sulfonic, asiidhyada perfluoroalkyl sulfonic, cusbooyinka alkyl amine ee silsiladda toosan, cusbooyinka ammonium ee quaternary, cusbooyinka alkyl pyridinium, cusbooyinka imidazolines iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda, ethers polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, cusbooyinka gudaha ee amino quaternary kala duwan, iyo cusbooyinka gudaha ee alkyls bis (polyoxyethylene) iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo sidii kuwa ka hortaga miisaanka waxaa ka mid ah esters-ka phosphate, esters-ka sulfate, acetates, carboxylates, iyo isku-dhafka polyoxyethylene. Xasiloonida kulaylka ee esters-ka sulfonate iyo carboxylates ayaa si weyn uga wanaagsan tan esters-ka phosphate iyo esters-ka sulfate. Surfactants-ka warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo bakteeriyada disha waxaa ka mid ah cusbada alkyl amine ee silsiladda toosan, cusbada ammonium ee quaternary, cusbada alkyl pyridinium, cusbada imidazolines iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda, cusbooyinka gudaha ee quaternary ammonium ee kala duwan, iyo cusbooyinka gudaha ee alkyls bis (polyoxyethylene) iyo kuwa ka soo jeeda. Surfactants-ka warshadaha ee loo isticmaalo sidii kuwa ka saara saliidda ayaa inta badan ah kuwa leh qaab-dhismeed laamo leh oo ka kooban kooxo sodium dithiocarboxylate ah.

10,Duufiyeyaasha loogu talagalay daadadka kiimikada ee soo kabashada saliidda

Soo kabashada saliidda aasaasiga ah iyo tan labaad waxay soo saari kartaa 25% - 50% saliidda cayriin ee dhulka hoostiisa, iyadoo tiro badan oo saliid cayriin ah ay ku harsan tahay dhulka hoostiisa oo aan la soo saari karin. Soo kabashada saliidda sare waxay hagaajin kartaa hufnaanta soo kabashada saliidda. Soo kabashada saliidda sare waxay inta badan qaadataa hababka daadadka kiimikada, taas oo ah, in lagu daro kiimikooyin qaar biyaha la muday si loo hagaajiyo hufnaanta daadadka biyaha. Kiimikooyinka la isticmaalo, qaarkood waxay ka tirsan yihiin surfactants-ka warshadaha, xaaladoodana si kooban ayaa loo soo bandhigay sida soo socota: Habka daadadka kiimikada ee leh surfactant oo ah wakiilka ugu weyn waxaa loo yaqaan daadad surfactant. Surfactants waxay inta badan door ka ciyaaraan hagaajinta soo kabashada saliidda iyagoo yareynaya xiisadda isku xirka saliidda iyo biyaha iyo kordhinta tirada xididdada dhiigga. Maadaama dusha sare ee qaab-dhismeedka dhagaxa ciidda si xun loo dallaco, surfactants-ka la isticmaalo inta badan waa surfactants anionic, badankooduna waa surfactants sulfonate. Waxaa lagu sameeyaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo sulfonate jajabyada batroolka oo leh hydrocarbon udgoon oo sarreeya iyadoo la adeegsanayo wakiilada sulfonating (sida sulfur trioxide) ka dibna laga takhaluso alkali. Tilmaamaha ay bixiso: walxaha firfircoon 50% - 80%, saliidda macdanta 5% - 30%, biyaha 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Batroolka sulfates wuxuu u adkaystaa heerkulka sare laakiin ma aha milixda iyo ionada birta valent-ka badan. Sulfonates-ka synthetic-ka waxaa laga sameeyaa hydrocarbons-ka u dhigma iyadoo la adeegsanayo hababka isku-darka ee u dhigma. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah, α-olefin sulfonates waxay si gaar ah u adkaystaan ​​milixda iyo ionada birta valent-ka badan. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah surfactants anionic-nonionic iyo surfactants carboxylate ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa daadadka saliidda. Daadka surfactant wuxuu u baahan yahay laba nooc oo lagu daro: mid waa cosurfactants, sida isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, iwm.; kan kalena waa electrolytes, oo ay ku jiraan asiidhyada, alkalis, iyo cusbooyinka, inta badan cusbada. Waxay yareyn karaan hydrophilicity-ka surfactants, waxay si weyn u kordhin karaan lipophilicity-ka, waxayna sidoo kale shaqayn karaan iyagoo beddelaya qiimaha dheelitirka hydrophilic-lipophilic ee surfactants. Si loo yareeyo khasaaraha surfactants-ka loona horumariyo waxtarka dhaqaale, daadadka surfactant-ka waxay sidoo kale isticmaalaan walxo kiimiko ah oo loo yaqaan wakiillo allabaryo. Walxaha loo isticmaali karo wakiillo allabaryo ah waxaa ka mid ah walxaha alkaline, asiidhyada polycarboxylic iyo milixdooda, oligomers iyo polymers-ka ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa wakiillo allabaryo ah, lignosulfonates-ka iyo wax soo saarkooda wax laga beddelayna waa nooc ka mid ah wakiilka allabaryo ah. Habka daadadka saliidda ee u adeegsada laba ama in ka badan wakiillo waaweyn daadadka saliidda kiimikada waxaa loo yaqaan daadad isku dhafan. Hababka daadadka saliidda ee la xiriira surfactants-ka waxaa ka mid ah: surfactant + polymer daadadka surfactant-ka ee qaro weyn; alkali + surfactant ee daadadka surfactant-ka ee alkali-ka ee kor u qaaday ama daadadka alkali-ka ee kor u qaaday; alkali + surfactant + polymer ee daadadka isku dhafan ee ternary. Daadad isku dhafan badanaa waxay leedahay soo kabasho saliid oo ka sarreysa daadadka hal mar. Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta isbeddellada horumarka hadda jira ee gudaha iyo dibadda, daadadka isku dhafan ee ternary waxay leeyihiin faa'iidooyin ka sarreeya daadadka isku dhafan ee laba-geesoodka ah. Surfactants-ka loo isticmaalo daadadka isku-dhafan ee ternary waa sulfonates batrool, badanaa waxaa lagu daraa sulfuric acid, fosforic acid iyo carboxylate oo ka mid ah polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, iwm., si loo hagaajiyo iska caabbinta milixda. Dhawaanahan, wadamada gudaha iyo dibaddaba waxay muhiimad gaar ah u yeesheen cilmi-baarista iyo isticmaalka biosurfactants, sida rhamnolipids, maraqa sopholipid halsano, iyo sidoo kale carboxylates isku dhafan oo dabiici ah iyo alkali lignin oo laga soo saaray wax soo saarka warqadda, iwm., kuwaas oo gaaray saameyn wanaagsan oo daadad saliid ah oo ku saabsan baaritaannada goobta iyo shaybaarka.