Kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants popanga mafuta

1,Zopangira madziamagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuchotsa mafuta ambiri

Chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso kusayenda bwino kwa mafuta olemera, zimabweretsa mavuto ambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito. Pofuna kutulutsa mafuta olemera otere, nthawi zina madzi a surfactants amalowetsedwa mu chitsime kuti asinthe mafuta olemera okhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kukhala ma emulsions otsika a mafuta okhala m'madzi, omwe amapopedwa pamwamba. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira yochepetsera kukhuthala kwa mafuta olemera ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, ndi zina zotero. Pa ma emulsions opangidwa ndi mafuta okhala m'madzi, ndikofunikira kulekanitsa madzi, ndipo ma surfactants ena amafakitale amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati ma demulsifiers kuti athetse madzi m'thupi. Ma demulsifiers awa ndi ma emulsifiers okhala m'mafuta. Omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma cationic surfactants, kapena ma naphthenic acid, ma asphaltic acid ndi mchere wawo wachitsulo wambiri. Mafuta olemera apadera sangagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi mayunitsi opopera wamba ndipo amafunika jakisoni wa nthunzi kuti abwezeretse kutentha. Kuti muwongolere mphamvu ya kubweza kutentha, ma surfactants ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Kulowetsa thovu m'chitsime cholowetsa nthunzi, kutanthauza, kulowetsa zinthu zothira thovu zomwe sizitentha kwambiri komanso mpweya wosazizira, ndi njira imodzi yokonzekera yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Zinthu zothira thovu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi alkylbenzene sulfonates,α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, ndi sulfoalkylated polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, ndi zina zotero. Popeza ma surfactants okhala ndi fluorinated ali ndi ntchito yapamwamba pamwamba ndipo amakhala okhazikika ku ma acid, alkalis, okosijeni, kutentha ndi mafuta, ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotulutsa thovu kutentha kwambiri. Kuti mafuta omwazika azitha kudutsa mosavuta m'mapangidwe a pores-throat a kapangidwe kake kapena kuti mafuta omwe ali pamwamba pa kapangidwe kake azitha kusunthika mosavuta, ma surfactants otchedwa film diffusing agents amafunika, ndipo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi oxyalklated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.

2,Mankhwala opangira mafuta onunkhira ngati sera

Mukachotsa mafuta osaphika ngati sera, ndikofunikira kuchitapo kanthu pafupipafupi poletsa sera ndi kuchotsa sera. Mankhwala ophera sera amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa sera ndi zochotsa sera. Mankhwala ophera sera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa sera ndi monga mankhwala ophera sera osungunuka ndi mafuta ndi mankhwala ophera sera osungunuka ndi madzi. Choyamba chimakhala ndi mphamvu yoletsa sera mwa kusintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa sera. Mankhwala ophera sera osungunuka ndi mafuta ndi mankhwala ophera sera otchedwa petroleum sulfonates ndi mankhwala ophera sera otchedwa amine. Mankhwala ophera sera osungunuka ndi madzi amagwira ntchito poletsa sera mwa kusintha mawonekedwe a pamwamba pa sera (monga pamwamba pa mapaipi amafuta, ndodo zokokera mafuta, ndi zida). Ma surfactants omwe alipo ndi monga sodium alkyl sulfonates, quaternary ammonium salts, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, ndi sodium sulfonate salts zawo, ndi zina zotero. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sera amagawidwanso m'magulu awiri: osungunuka mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mafuta ochotsa sera, ndipo osungunuka m'madzi monga sulfonate-type, quaternary ammonium salt-type, polyether-type, Tween-type, OP-type surfactants, komanso sulfate-esterified kapena sulfoalkylated Peregal-type ndi OP-type surfactants, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu madzi ochotsa sera. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mdziko muno komanso padziko lonse lapansi, kuchotsa sera ndi kupewa sera kwaphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe, ndipo ochotsa sera ndi mafuta ochotsa sera ndi madzi nawonso aphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe kuti apange ochotsa sera. Mtundu uwu wa chochotsera sera umagwiritsa ntchito ma hydrocarbon onunkhira ndi ma hydrocarbon osakaniza aromatic ngati gawo la mafuta, ndi ma emulsifier okhala ndi zotsatira zochotsa sera ngati gawo la madzi. Pamene emulsifier yosankhidwayo ndi yopanda ionic surfactant yokhala ndi malo oyenera amtambo, imatha kufika kapena kupitirira malo ake amtambo pa kutentha pansi pa gawo losungira sera la chitsime cha mafuta, motero zimapangitsa kuti chochotsera sera chosakanikirana chichotse mumadzi chisanalowe mu gawo losungira sera, ndikugawikana m'mitundu iwiri ya zochotsa sera, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochotsa sera nthawi imodzi.

3,Mankhwala opangidwa ndi dongo lokhazikika

Kukhazikitsa dongo kumaphatikizapo mbali ziwiri: kuletsa kutupa kwa mchere wa dongo ndikuletsa kusamuka kwa tinthu ta dongo. Poletsa kutupa kwa dongo, ma surfactants a cationic monga mtundu wa amine salt, mtundu wa quaternary ammonium salt, mtundu wa pyridine salt, ndi mchere wa imidazoline angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Poletsa kusamuka kwa tinthu ta dongo, ma surfactants osakhudzana ndi fluorine omwe ali ndi cationic angagwiritsidwe ntchito.

4,Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa acidization

Kuti muwonjezere mphamvu ya asidi, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuwonjezera zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana ku yankho la asidi. Surfactant iliyonse yomwe imagwirizana ndi yankho la asidi ndipo imalowetsedwa mosavuta ndi mapangidwe ake ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati retarder yochepetsera asidi. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo mafuta amine hydrochloride, mchere wa quaternary ammonium, ndi mchere wa pyridinium pakati pa ma surfactants a cationic, komanso ma ether a sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, kapena sulfate-esterified polyoxyethylene alkylphenol pakati pa ma surfactants a amphoteric. Ma surfactants ena, monga dodecyl sulfonic acid ndi mchere wake wa alkylamine, amatha kusakaniza yankho la asidi mumafuta kuti apange emulsion ya acid-in-oil, yomwe, ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi ogwirira ntchito ochepetsera asidi, imagwiranso ntchito ngati retarder.

Ma surfactants ena amatha kugwira ntchito ngati zochotsa asidi m'madzi opangitsa asidi. Ma surfactants okhala ndi nthambi, monga polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether ndi polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, amatha kugwira ntchito ngati zochotsera asidi m'madzi opangitsa asidi.

Ma surfactants ena angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zowonjezera zotsukira asidi, kuphatikizapo amine salt-type, quaternary ammonium salt-type, pyridinium salt-type, non-ionic, amphoteric, ndi fluorinated surfactants.

Ma surfactants ena amagwira ntchito ngati zoletsa matope opangitsa asidi kukhala ndi asidi, monga ma surfactants osungunuka ndi mafuta monga alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, ndi quaternary ammonium salts. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kusungunuka kwa asidi, ma surfactants osakhala a ionic angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwafalitsa mu yankho la asidi.

Kuti asidi azigwira bwino ntchito, zinthu zosinthira madzi ziyenera kuwonjezeredwa ku yankho la asidi kuti zisinthe madzi a pafupi ndi malo onyowa ndi mafuta kupita ku madzi. Zosakaniza monga polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether ndi phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether zimalowetsedwa ndi kapangidwe kake ngati gawo loyambira la madzi, motero zimapangitsa kuti madzi abwererenso.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants ena, monga mafuta amine hydrochloride, mchere wa quaternary ammonium, kapena ma surfactants osakhala a ionic-anionic, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zotulutsa thovu pokonzekera madzi ogwirira ntchito a thovu, omwe amakwaniritsa zolinga zochepetsera reaction, kuletsa dzimbiri, komanso kupanga acidic formations. Kapenanso, ma thovu oterewa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pre-pads kuti asidi ipangike: atalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake, acid solution imalowetsedwa pambuyo pake. Jamin effect yomwe imapangidwa ndi thovu mu thovu imatha kusintha yankho la asidi, ndikulikakamiza kuti lisungunuke zigawo zomwe sizimalola kulowa bwino ndikuwonjezera acidity effect.

5,Mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanya

Njira zothyola mafuta nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osungira mafuta omwe salola kuti mafuta alowe m'madzi ambiri. Izi zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti asweke, kupanga ming'alu, ndi kulimbitsa ming'alu ndi ma proppants kuti achepetse kukana kwa madzi kuyenda, motero kukwaniritsa cholinga chowonjezera kupanga ndi kulowetsa. Madzi ena othyola mafuta amapangidwa ndi ma surfactants ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo zawo. Madzi othyola mafuta m'madzi amapangidwa kuchokera ku madzi, mafuta, ndi ma emulsifier. Ma emulsifier omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma ionic, non-ionic, ndi amphoteric surfactants. Ngati madzi okhuthala agwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lakunja ndi mafuta ngati gawo lamkati, madzi okhuthala mafuta m'madzi (polymer emulsion) amatha kupangidwa. Mtundu uwu wa madzi othyola mafuta ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kutentha pansi pa 160°C ndipo ukhoza kumasula madzi okha ndikutulutsa madzi. Madzi othyola thovu ndi omwe ali ndi madzi ngati njira yofalitsira ndi mpweya ngati gawo lofalikira, lomwe zigawo zake zazikulu ndi madzi, gasi, ndi zinthu zotulutsa thovu. Ma alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, ndi ma surfactants amtundu wa OP onse angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ma thovu. Kuchuluka kwa ma thovu m'madzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala 0.5–2%, ndipo chiŵerengero cha voliyumu ya gasi mpaka voliyumu ya thovu chimakhala pakati pa 0.5 mpaka 0.9. Madzi ophwanyika opangidwa ndi mafuta amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngati chosungunulira kapena chogawaniza. Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda ndi mafuta osaphika kapena magawo ake olemera. Kuti awonjezere mphamvu yawo yotenthetsera, ma sulfonates a petroleum osungunuka ndi mafuta (omwe ali ndi kulemera kwa mamolekyulu a 300–750) ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Madzi ophwanyika opangidwa ndi mafuta amaphatikizaponso madzi ophwanyika opangidwa ndi mafuta ndi madzi ophwanyika opangidwa ndi thovu. Woyamba amagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants anionic osungunuka ndi mafuta, ma surfactants a cationic, ndi ma surfactants osakhala a ionic ngati ma emulsifiers, pomwe womaliza amagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants a polymeric okhala ndi fluorine ngati zokhazikika za thovu. Madzi ophwanyika a mapangidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi madzi ndi ma emulsion kapena thovu lopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha ma alcohols (monga ethylene glycol) ndi mafuta (monga kerosene) ngati njira yofalitsira, madzi a carbon dioxide ngati gawo logawikana, ndi ma ether a sulfated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ngati ma emulsifier kapena ma thovu, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophwanyika mapangidwe omwe amakhudzidwa ndi madzi. Madzi ophwanyika a acidizing fracture amagwira ntchito ngati madzi ophwanyika ndi madzi opangitsa asidi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapangidwe a carbonate komwe njira zonse ziwiri zimachitika nthawi imodzi. Zomwe zimagwirizana ndi ma surfactants ndi ma acid foam ndi ma acid emulsion; woyamba amagwiritsa ntchito alkyl sulfonates kapena alkyl benzene sulfonates ngati ma thovu, ndipo wachiwiri amagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants amtundu wa sulfonate ngati ma emulsifier. Monga madzi opangitsa asidi, madzi ophwanyika amagwiritsanso ntchito ma surfactants ngati ma demulsifier, zowonjezera zotsukira, ndi ma wettability reversal agents, zomwe sizidzafotokozedwa pano.

6,Mankhwala opangidwa ndi ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira mbiri ndi kuzimitsa madzi

Kuti madzi osefukira agwire bwino ntchito komanso kuti madzi asamasefukire bwino, ndikofunikira kusintha momwe madzi amayamwira m'zitsime zobayira ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zotsekera madzi m'zitsime zopangira ngati njira zolimbikitsira. Zina mwa njirazi zowongolera ma profile ndi zotsekera madzi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants ena. HPC/SDS gel profile control agent imakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) ndi sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) m'madzi abwino. Sodium alkyl sulfonate ndi alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride zimasungunuka m'madzi kuti zikonzekere madzi awiri ogwira ntchito, omwe amalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake motsatizana. Madzi awiri ogwira ntchito amakumana mu kapangidwe kake, ndikupanga alkyl sulfite precipitates ya alkyl trimethyl amine, yomwe imaletsa zigawo zololera kulowa. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, ndi zina zotero, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zotulutsa thovu. Zimasungunuka m'madzi kuti zikonzekere madzi ogwira ntchito, omwe amalowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake ndi madzi ogwiritsira ntchito carbon dioxide. Izi zimapangitsa thovu kukhala lopangidwa (makamaka m'magawo otha kulowa mosavuta), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti lizitsekeka ndikukwaniritsa mphamvu yowongolera mawonekedwe. Surfactant ya quaternary ammonium salt-type imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopangira thovu, chosungunuka mu silica sol yokonzedwa kuchokera ku ammonium sulfate ndi galasi lamadzi, ndikulowetsedwa mu kapangidwe kake. Kenako, mpweya wosakhazikika (mpweya wachilengedwe kapena mpweya wa chlorine) umalowetsedwa, womwe poyamba umapanga thovu ndi madzi ngati chopangira chogawanitsa mu kapangidwe kake, kenako ma silica sol gels kuti apange thovu ndi lolimba ngati chopangira chogawanitsa, motero amaletsa zigawo zotha kulowa mosavuta ndikupeza njira yowongolera mawonekedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants amtundu wa sulfonate ngati zopangira thovu ndi ma molekyulu ambiri ngati zokhuthala ndi zokhazikika za thovu, kutsatiridwa ndi jakisoni wa mpweya kapena zinthu zopangira mpweya, thovu lochokera m'madzi limapangidwa pamwamba kapena mkati mwa kapangidwe kake. Mu gawo la mafuta, kuchuluka kwa surfactant kumapita ku mawonekedwe a mafuta ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa thovu kusweka, kotero silimatseka gawo la mafuta ndipo ndi chopangira chosankha chotseka madzi m'chitsime cha mafuta. Chotsukira madzi chochokera ku simenti chopangidwa ndi mafuta ndi choyimitsidwa ndi simenti mu mafuta. Pamwamba pa simenti pamakhala pothira madzi. Madzi akalowa mu gawo lopanga madzi, amachotsa mafuta pamwamba pa simenti ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi simenti, zomwe zimapangitsa simenti kuuma ndikutseka gawo lopanga madzi. Kuti chotsukira ichi chikhale cholimba, nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa zinthu zosungunulira madzi za mtundu wa carboxylate ndi sulfonate. Chotsukira madzi cha micellar chopangidwa ndi madzi ndi yankho la micellar lomwe limapangidwa makamaka ndi ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ndi zina zotero. Chikakumana ndi madzi amchere kwambiri pakupanga, chimatha kukhala chokhuthala kuti chikwaniritse zotsatira za chotsukira madzi. Zotsukira madzi zochokera ku madzi kapena mafuta, zomwe zimapangidwa makamaka ndi alkyl carboxylate ndi alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pa mapangidwe a miyala yamchenga. Chotsukira mafuta chogwira ntchito ndi mafuta olemera osungunuka ndi emulsifiers zamadzi mumafuta. Ikakumana ndi madzi m'mapangidwe ake, imapanga emulsion yamadzi-mu-mafuta yokhuthala kwambiri kuti ikwaniritse kutsekeka kwa madzi. Cholumikizira mafuta-mu-madzi chimakonzedwa mwa kusakaniza mafuta olemera m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma cationic surfactants ngati ma emulsifier amafuta-mu-madzi.

7,Zopangira madzi oyeretsera mchenga

Musanayambe ntchito yowongolera mchenga, madzi enaake okonzedwa ndi ma surfactants ayenera kubayidwa ngati madzi oyeretsera kuti ayeretse bwino kapangidwe kake, kuti akonze bwino momwe mchenga umagwirira ntchito. Ambiri mwa ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakadali pano ndi anionic surfactants.

8,Zopangira mafuta osungunuka m'madzi

Mu magawo oyamba ndi achiwiri obwezeretsa mafuta, zochotsera madzi mu mafuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa mafuta osaphika opangidwa. Mibadwo itatu ya zinthu zapangidwa. Mbadwo woyamba umaphatikizapo ma carboxylates, ma sulfates, ndi ma sulfonates. Mbadwo wachiwiri umapangidwa ndi ma surfactants osaphika omwe ali ndi ma molekyulu ochepa monga OP, Pegosperse, ndi mafuta a castor opangidwa ndi sulfonate. Mbadwo wachitatu ndi ma surfactants osaphika omwe ali ndi ma molekyulu ambiri. Mu gawo lomaliza la kubwezeretsa mafuta komanso gawo lobwezeretsa mafuta, mafuta osaphika omwe amapangidwa nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a emulsions amafuta mumadzi. Pali mitundu inayi ya zochotsera madzi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride ndi didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Izi zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ma emulsifiers a anionic kuti asinthe hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value yawo, kapena kumamatira pamwamba pa tinthu ta dongo tonyowa ndi madzi kuti tisinthe kunyowa kwawo ndikuswa emulsion ya mafuta mumadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants ena a anionic omwe amatha kugwira ntchito ngati ma emulsifiers amadzi mumafuta ndi ma surfactants osasungunuka mumafuta angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati ma demulsifiers a ma emulsions amafuta mumadzi.

9,Zotsukira madzi

Mafuta osakonzedwa atapatulidwa ku madzi opangidwa kuchokera ku chitsime cha mafuta, madzi opangidwawo ayenera kutsukidwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira kuti abwezeretsedwe. Zolinga zochizira madzi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi: kuletsa dzimbiri, kupewa kukula, kuyeretsa, kuchotsa mpweya, kuchotsa mafuta, ndi kuchotsa zinthu zolimba zoyimitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, zoletsa dzimbiri, zoletsa kukula, mabakiteriya, zochotsa oxidizer, zochotsa mafuta, ma flocculant, ndi zina zotero, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zoyambitsa ma surfactants m'mafakitale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi izi:

Ma surfactants a mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa dzimbiri ndi monga mchere wa alkyl sulfonic acids, alkyl benzene sulfonic acids, perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acids, straight-chain alkyl amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, alkyl pyridinium salts, salts of imidazolines and the derivatives of them, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, various quaternary amino inner salts, and inner salts of bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls and the derivatives of them. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zoletsa milingo ndi monga phosphate esters, sulfate esters, acetates, carboxylates, and the polyoxyethylene compounds. Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa sulfonate esters and carboxylates kuli bwino kwambiri kuposa kwa phosphate esters and sulfate esters. Mankhwala opangira ma surfactants m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mabakiteriya akuphatikizapo mchere wa alkyl amine wowongoka, mchere wa quaternary ammonium, mchere wa alkyl pyridinium, mchere wa imidazolines ndi zotumphukira zake, mchere wamkati wa quaternary ammonium, ndi mchere wamkati wa bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls ndi zotumphukira zake. Mankhwala opangira ma surfactants m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ochotsa mafuta makamaka ndi omwe ali ndi nthambi komanso okhala ndi magulu a sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10,Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa mafuta m'thupi

Kubwezeretsa mafuta koyambirira ndi kwachiwiri kumatha kutulutsa 25% - 50% ya mafuta osaphika pansi pa nthaka, ndi mafuta ambiri osaphika pansi pa nthaka osatha kuchotsedwa. Kubwezeretsa mafuta kotsiriza kumatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito a mafuta. Kubwezeretsa mafuta kotsiriza kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zamakemikolo zothira madzi, kutanthauza kuti, kuwonjezera mankhwala ena m'madzi olowetsedwa kuti madzi azitha kugwira bwino ntchito. Pakati pa mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ena ndi a mafakitale, ndipo mikhalidwe yawo imafotokozedwa mwachidule motere: Njira yothira madzi pogwiritsa ntchito surfactant ngati chinthu chachikulu imatchedwa surfactant flooding. Surfactants makamaka amachita gawo pakukonzanso mafuta pochepetsa kupsinjika kwa mafuta ndi madzi ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa capillary. Popeza pamwamba pa miyala yamchenga pali mphamvu yoipa, ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi anionic surfactants, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo ndi sulfonate surfactants. Amapangidwa pochotsa sulfonating petroleum fractions yokhala ndi mafuta ambiri a hydrocarbon pogwiritsa ntchito ma sulfonating agents (monga sulfure trioxide) kenako nkuchepetsa ndi alkali. Mafotokozedwe ake: chogwiritsira ntchito 50% - 80%, mafuta amchere 5% - 30%, madzi 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Mafuta a sulfonates amalimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri koma osati ndi mchere ndi ma ayoni achitsulo okwera. Ma sulfonates opangidwa amapangidwa kuchokera ku ma hydrocarbons ofanana pogwiritsa ntchito njira zofananira zopangira. Pakati pawo, ma α-olefin sulfonates amalimbana kwambiri ndi ma ayoni achitsulo okwera komanso okwera. Kuphatikiza apo, ma surfactants ena a anionic-nonionic ndi ma surfactants a carboxylate angagwiritsidwenso ntchito podzaza mafuta. Kudzaza kwa surfactant kumafuna mitundu iwiri ya zowonjezera: imodzi ndi ma cosurfactants, monga isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, ndi zina zotero; ina ndi ma electrolytes, kuphatikizapo ma acid, alkalis, ndi mchere, makamaka mchere. Zingathe kuchepetsa kusinthasintha kwa madzi kwa ma surfactants, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi, komanso kugwira ntchito mwa kusintha kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'thupi. Pofuna kuchepetsa kutayika kwa ma surfactants ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito azachuma, kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi kumagwiritsanso ntchito mankhwala otchedwa othandizira nsembe. Zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati othandizira nsembe zimaphatikizapo zinthu za alkaline, polycarboxylic acids ndi mchere wawo, oligomers ndi ma polima angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati othandizira nsembe, ndipo lignosulfonates ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa ndi mtundu wa othandizira nsembe. Njira yosefukira mafuta yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo zazikulu pakusefukira kwa mafuta m'thupi imatchedwa kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi. Njira zoterezi zokhudzana ndi kusefukira kwa mafuta zokhudzana ndi ma surfactants ndi monga: surfactant + polymer pakusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi; alkali + surfactant pakusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi kapena kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi; alkali + surfactant + polymer pakusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi. Kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi mafuta ambiri kuposa kusefukira kwa madzi kamodzi. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa zomwe zikuchitika pano kunyumba ndi kunja, kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi kumakhala ndi ubwino waukulu kuposa kusefukira kwa madzi m'thupi. Ma surfactants omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito podzaza madzi ambiri ndi ma petroleum sulfonates, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid ndi carboxylate ya polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, ndi zina zotero, kuti awonjezere kukana kwawo mchere. Posachedwapa, mayiko akumidzi ndi akunja aika patsogolo kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma biosurfactants, monga rhamnolipids, sophorolipid fermentation broths, komanso ma carboxylates achilengedwe osakanikirana ndi papermaking by-product alkali lignin, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zapeza zotsatira zabwino pakudzaza madzi m'munda ndi m'ma labotale.