Ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā surfactants i ka hana ʻaila

1,Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe waihoʻohana ʻia noka unuhi ʻaila kaumaha

Ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity a me ka wai ʻole o ka ʻaila kaumaha, lawe mai ia i nā pilikia he nui i ka hoʻohana ʻana. No ka unuhi ʻana i kēlā ʻaila kaumaha, hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia nā hopena wai o nā surfactants i loko o ka luawai e hoʻololi i ka ʻaila kaumaha viscosity kiʻekiʻe i nā emulsions ʻaila-i-ka-wai haʻahaʻa, a laila e pamu ʻia i luna. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia ʻano emulsification ʻaila kaumaha a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka viscosity e komo pū me ka sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, a pēlā aku. No nā emulsions ʻaila-i-ka-wai i hana ʻia, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i ka wai, a hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants ʻoihana e like me nā demulsifiers no ka dehydration. ʻO kēia mau demulsifiers he mau emulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila. ʻO nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he cationic surfactants, a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​waikawa naphthenic, nā waikawa asphaltic a me kā lākou mau paʻakai metala polyvalent. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaila kaumaha kūikawā e nā ʻāpana pamu maʻamau a koi ʻia ka injection mahu no ka hoʻōla wela. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena o ka hoʻōla wela, pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huʻa i loko o ka lua hoʻokomo mahu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā mea hoʻopūhū kū i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana a me nā kinoea hiki ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano hana hoʻomākaukau i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia. ʻO nā mea hoʻopūhū i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he alkylbenzene sulfonates,αʻO nā sulfonates olefin, nā sulfonates petroleum, nā polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers sulfoalkylated, a me nā polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers sulfoalkylated, a me nā polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, a pēlā aku. ʻOiai he kiʻekiʻe ka hana o nā surfactants fluorinated a paʻa i nā waikawa, alkalis, oxygen, wela a me ka ʻaila, he mau mea hoʻohua wela kiʻekiʻe lākou. I mea e maʻalahi ai ka hele ʻana o ka ʻaila i hoʻopuehu ʻia ma o ke ʻano pore-throat o ke ʻano a i ʻole e maʻalahi ai ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila ma ka ʻili o ke ʻano, pono nā surfactants i kapa ʻia ʻo film diffusing agents, a ʻo nā mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he oxyalkylated phenolic resin polymer surfactants.

2,Nā Surfactants no ka unuhi ʻana i ka ʻaila maka waxy

I ka wā e unuhi ai i ka ʻaila maka waxy, pono e hana pinepine i ka pale ʻana i ka waxy a me ka wehe ʻana i ka waxy. Hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa waxy a me nā mea wehe waxy. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ka waxy e komo pū me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila a me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Hoʻopuka ka mea mua i ka hopena pale waxy ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano o ka ʻili kristal wax. ʻO nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he petroleum sulfonates a me nā surfactants ʻano amine. He kuleana ko nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai i ka pale ʻana i ka wax ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano o nā ʻili waiho waxy (e like me nā ʻili o nā paipu ʻaila, nā koʻokoʻo omo, a me nā lako). ʻO nā surfactants i loaʻa e komo pū ana me ka sodium alkyl sulfonates, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, a me kā lākou sodium sulfonate salts, etc. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia no ka wehe ʻana i ka wax e hāʻule pū kekahi i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻaila i nā mea hoʻohemo wax i hana ʻia me ka ʻaila, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai e like me ke ʻano sulfonate, quaternary ammonium salt-type, polyether-type, Tween-type, OP-type surfactants, a me nā sulfate-esterified a i ʻole sulfoalkylated Peregal-type a me OP-type surfactants, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea hoʻohemo wax i hana ʻia me ka wai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma ka home a ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua hui pū ʻia ka wehe ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i ka wax, a ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻohemo wax i hana ʻia me ka ʻaila a me nā mea hoʻohemo wax i hana ʻia me ka wai e hana i nā mea hoʻohemo wax i hui pū ʻia. Hoʻohana kēia ʻano mea hoʻohemo wax i nā hydrocarbons aromatic a me nā hydrocarbons aromatic i hui pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he pae ʻaila, a me nā emulsifiers me nā hopena wehe wax ma ke ʻano he pae wai. Ke lilo ka emulsifier i koho ʻia i surfactant non-ionic me kahi kiko ao kūpono, hiki iā ia ke hōʻea a ʻoi aku paha ma mua o kona kiko ao ma ka mahana ma lalo o ka ʻāpana waiho wax o ka lua aila, a laila e hoʻoheheʻe ai ka mea wehe wax ʻano hui ʻia ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka ʻāpana waiho wax, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i ʻelua ʻano o nā mea wehe wax, e hoʻopuka ana i ka hopena wehe wax i ka manawa like.

3,Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i ka lepo paʻa

ʻElua ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lepo: ka pale ʻana i ka pehu ʻana o nā minelala lepo a me ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana minelala lepo. No ka pale ʻana i ka pehu ʻana o ka lepo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants cationic e like me ke ʻano paʻakai amine, ke ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary, ke ʻano paʻakai pyridine, a me ka paʻakai imidazoline. No ka pale ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana minelala lepo, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants nonionic-cationic i loaʻa ka fluorine.

4,Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ana acidizing

No ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hopena acidizing, pono maʻamau e hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole i ka hopena waikawa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi surfactant e kūlike me ka hopena waikawa a maʻalahi ke hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaneʻe acidizing. ʻO nā laʻana e komo pū me nā hydrochloride amine momona, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, a me nā paʻakai pyridinium i waena o nā surfactants cationic, a me nā polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, a i ʻole sulfate-esterified i waena o nā surfactants amphoteric. ʻO kekahi mau surfactants, e like me ka dodecyl sulfonic acid a me kāna mau paʻakai alkylamine, hiki ke emulsify i ka hopena waikawa i loko o ka ʻaila e hana i kahi emulsion acid-in-oil, kahi, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai he wai hana acidizing, hana pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaneʻe.

Hiki i kekahi mau surfactants ke hana ma ke ʻano he demulsifiers no nā wai acidizing. Hiki i nā Surfactants me nā ʻano lālā, e like me ka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether a me ka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, ke lawelawe ma ke ʻano he acidizing demulsifiers.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants e like me nā mea hoʻohui hoʻomaʻemaʻe waikawa i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka amine salt-type, quaternary ammonium salt-type, pyridinium salt-type, non-ionic, amphoteric, a me nā fluorinated surfactants.

Hana kekahi mau surfactants ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻopale i ka sludge acidizing, e like me nā surfactants hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila e like me alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, a me nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary. Ma muli o ko lākou solubility waikawa haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā surfactants non-ionic e hoʻopuehu iā lākou i loko o ka hopena waikawa.

No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hopena acidizing, pono e hoʻohui ʻia nā mea hoʻololi wettability i ka hopena waikawa e hoʻohuli i ka wettability o ka ʻāpana kokoke i ka luawai mai ka ʻaila-pulu a i ka wai-pulu. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hui ʻana e like me ka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether a me ka phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether e ka hoʻokumu ʻana ma ke ʻano he papa adsorption mua, no laila e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka wettability.

Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants, e like me ka amine hydrochloride momona, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, a i ʻole nā ​​surfactants non-ionic-anionic, ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohua e hoʻomākaukau i nā wai hana waikawa huʻa, kahi e hoʻokō ai i nā kumu o ka hoʻopaneʻe ʻana i ka hopena, ka pale ʻana i ka palaho, a me ka acidizing hohonu. Ma ke ʻano ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā mau huʻa ma ke ʻano he pre-pads no ka acidizing: ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o ke ʻano, hoʻokomo ʻia ka hopena waikawa ma hope. Hiki i ka hopena Jamin i hana ʻia e nā pehu i loko o ka huʻa ke hoʻohuli i ka hopena waikawa, e koi ana iā ia e hoʻoheheʻe nui i nā papa permeability haʻahaʻa a pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena acidizing.

5,Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ana fracturing

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā hana haki i nā kahua aila haʻahaʻa-permeability. Pili lākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaomi e haki i ke ʻano, ka hana ʻana i nā māwae, a me ke kākoʻo ʻana i nā māwae me nā proppants e hōʻemi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ke kahe wai, a laila e hoʻokō ai i ka pahuhopu o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana a me ka injection. Hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau wai haki me nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o kā lākou mau ʻāpana. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā wai haki ʻaila-i-ka-wai mai ka wai, ka aila, a me nā emulsifiers. ʻO nā emulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia e komo pū me nā surfactants ionic, non-ionic, a me amphoteric. Inā hoʻohana ʻia ka wai mānoanoa ma ke ʻano he pae waho a me ka aila ma ke ʻano he pae kūloko, hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi wai haki ʻaila-i-ka-wai mānoanoa (polymer emulsion). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano wai haki i nā mahana ma lalo o 160°C a hiki ke hoʻohemo koke a hoʻokuʻu i nā wai. ʻO nā wai haki huʻa ka poʻe me ka wai ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion a me ke kinoea ma ke ʻano he pae dispersed, nona nā ʻāpana nui he wai, kinoea, a me nā mea hoʻohua. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā alkyl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, alkyl sulfate esters, quaternary ammonium salts, a me nā surfactants ʻano OP e like me nā mea hoʻohua. ʻO ka nui o nā mea hoʻohua i loko o ka wai he 0.5-2% maʻamau, a ʻo ka lakio o ka nui o ke kinoea i ka nui o ka huʻa mai 0.5 a 0.9. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā wai fracturing i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻaila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole ka mea hoʻolaha. ʻO nā ʻaila i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi kahua he ʻaila maka a i ʻole kona mau ʻāpana kaumaha. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kā lākou hana viscosity-temperature, pono e hoʻohui ʻia nā petroleum sulfonates hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila (me ke kaumaha molekala o 300-750). Hoʻokomo pū nā wai fracturing i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻaila i nā wai fracturing wai-i-ka-ʻaila a me nā wai fracturing huʻa ʻaila. Hoʻohana ka mea mua i nā surfactants anionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila, nā surfactants cationic, a me nā surfactants non-ionic e like me nā emulsifiers, ʻoiai ʻo ka mea hope e hoʻohana i nā surfactants polymeric i loaʻa ka fluorine e like me nā mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa. ʻO nā wai haki no nā ʻano wai-sensitive he mau emulsions a i ʻole nā ​​​​hua i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā alcohols (e like me ka ethylene glycol) a me nā aila (e like me ke kerosene) ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion, wai carbon dioxide ma ke ʻano he pae dispersed, a me nā sulfated polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohua, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka haki ʻana i nā ʻano wai-sensitive. ʻO nā wai haki no ka acidizing fracture e lawelawe ma ke ʻano he wai haki a me nā wai acidizing, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano carbonate kahi e hoʻokō ʻia ai nā ana ʻelua i ka manawa like. ʻO nā mea e pili ana i nā surfactants he mau hua waikawa a me nā emulsions waikawa; hoʻohana ka mea mua i nā alkyl sulfonates a i ʻole alkyl benzene sulfonates ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohua, a hoʻohana ka mea hope i nā surfactants ʻano sulfonate ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers. E like me nā wai acidizing, hoʻohana pū nā wai haki i nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he demulsifiers, nā mea hoʻohui hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me nā mea hoʻohuli wettability, ʻaʻole e wehewehe ʻia ma aneʻi.

6,Nā Surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i ka kaohi ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao a me nā ana hoʻopili wai

No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kahe wai a me ke kāohi ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoki ʻana o ka wai aila maka, pono e hoʻoponopono i ke ʻano o ka omo wai i loko o nā lua hoʻokomo a hoʻokō i nā hana pani wai i loko o nā lua hana e like me nā ʻano hoʻoulu. Hoʻohana pinepine kekahi o kēia mau ʻano hoʻomalu ʻano a me ka pani wai i kekahi mau surfactants. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka mea hoʻomalu ʻano gel HPC/SDS ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) a me ka sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka sodium alkyl sulfonate a me ka alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride i loko o ka wai e hoʻomākaukau i ʻelua mau wai hana, kahi e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke ʻano. Hālāwai nā wai hana ʻelua i loko o ke ʻano, e hana ana i nā alkyl sulfite precipitates o ka alkyl trimethyl amine, kahi e ālai ai i nā papa permeability kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, a pēlā aku, ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohua. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia lākou i loko o ka wai e hoʻomākaukau i kahi wai hana, a laila e hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke ʻano me kahi wai hana carbon dioxide wai. Hoʻokumu kēia i ka huʻa i loko o ke kahua (ʻo ia hoʻi ma nā papa permeability kiʻekiʻe), e hoʻoulu ai i ka pale ʻana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka hopena kaohi profile. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi surfactant ʻano paʻakai ammonium quaternary ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi silica sol i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai ka ammonium sulfate a me ke aniani wai, a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ke kahua. A laila, hoʻokomo ʻia ke kinoea non-condensable (kinoea kūlohelohe a i ʻole ke kinoea chlorine), ka mea mua e hana i ka huʻa me ka wai ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion i loko o ke kahua, a laila nā gels silica sol e hana i ka huʻa me ka paʻa ma ke ʻano he medium dispersion, no laila e ālai ana i nā papa permeability kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokō i ka kaohi profile. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā surfactants ʻano sulfonate ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻohua a me nā hui molekala kiʻekiʻe e like me nā mea hoʻomānoanoa a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa huʻa, a ukali ʻia e ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke kinoea a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana kinoea, hana ʻia ka huʻa wai ma luna o ka ʻili a i ʻole i loko o ke kahua. I loko o ka papa aila, neʻe ka nui o ka surfactant i ka interface aila-wai, e hana ana i ka huʻa e haki, no laila ʻaʻole ia e ālai i ka papa aila a he mea koho wai puna aila. ʻO ka mea hoʻopili wai sima aila he hoʻokuʻu ʻia o ka sima i loko o ka aila. He hydrophilic ka ʻili o ka sima. Ke komo i loko o ka papa hana wai, hoʻoneʻe ka wai i ka ʻaila ma luna o ka ʻili sima a pane pū me ka sima, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka sima a ālai i ka papa hana wai. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kahe o kēia mea hoʻopili, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā surfactants ʻano carboxylate a me sulfonate. ʻO ka mea hoʻopili wai micellar wai he hopena micellar i haku ʻia me ka ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, a pēlā aku. Ke hālāwai me ka wai saline kiʻekiʻe i loko o ke kahua, hiki ke lilo i viscous e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena hoʻopili wai. ʻO nā mea hoʻopili hopena cationic surfactant wai a i ʻole ka ʻaila, i haku ʻia me ka alkyl carboxylate a me nā alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, pili wale nō i nā ʻano one. ʻO ka mea hoʻopili aila kaumaha hana he ʻaila kaumaha i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me nā emulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila. Ke hālāwai me ka wai i loko o ke kahua, hana ia i kahi emulsion wai-i-ka-ʻaila kiʻekiʻe viscosity e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻopili wai. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka mea hoʻopili ʻaila-i-ka-wai ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ʻaila kaumaha i loko o ka wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā surfactants cationic ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers ʻaila-i-ka-wai.

7,Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā hana kaohi one

Ma mua o nā hana kaohi one, pono e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi nui o ka wai hana i hoʻomākaukau ʻia me nā surfactants ma ke ʻano he wai preflush e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mua i ke ʻano, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hopena kaohi one. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā surfactants i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i kēia manawa he mau surfactants anionic.

8,Nā Surfactants no ka dehydration o ka ʻaila maka

I nā pae hoʻōla aila mua a me ka lua, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā demulsifiers wai-i-ka-aila no ka aila maka i hana ʻia. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ʻekolu hanauna o nā huahana. ʻO ka hanauna mua e komo pū ana me nā carboxylates, sulfates, a me nā sulfonates. ʻO ka hanauna ʻelua he mau surfactants nonionic kaumaha haʻahaʻa-molecular e like me OP, Pegosperse, a me ka ʻaila castor sulfonated. ʻO ke kolu o ka hanauna he mau surfactants nonionic kaumaha kiʻekiʻe-molecular. I ka pae hoʻōla aila hope lua a me ke kahua hoʻōla aila tertiary, ʻo ka ʻaila maka i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano o nā emulsions aila-i-ka-wai. ʻEhā ʻano o nā demulsifiers i hoʻohana ʻia, e like me ka tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride a me ka didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Hiki i kēia mau mea ke hana me nā emulsifiers anionic e hoʻololi i ko lākou waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic, a i ʻole e adsorb ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana lepo wai-pulu e hoʻololi i ko lākou wettability a uhaʻi i ka emulsion aila-i-ka-wai. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants anionic e hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers wai-i-ka-ʻaila a me nā surfactants nonionic hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ʻaila e like me nā demulsifiers no nā emulsions ʻaila-i-ka-wai.

9,Nā Surfactants no ka mālama ʻana i ka wai

Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana o ka ʻaila maka mai ka wai i hana ʻia o kahi luawai ʻaila, pono e mālama ʻia ka wai i hana ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi no ka hoʻokomo hou ʻana. ʻO nā kumu o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai e komo pū ana me ʻeono mau ʻano: ka pale ʻana i ka palaho, ka pale ʻana i ka unahi, ka sterilization, ka deoxygenation, ka wehe ʻana i ka ʻaila, a me ka wehe ʻana i nā mea paʻa i hoʻokuʻu ʻia. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā mea pale palaho, nā mea pale unahi, nā bactericides, nā deoxidizers, nā mea wehe ʻaila, nā flocculants, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana e pili ana penei:

ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i ka corrosion e komo pū me nā paʻakai o nā waikawa alkyl sulfonic, nā waikawa alkyl benzene sulfonic, nā waikawa perfluoroalkyl sulfonic, nā paʻakai alkyl amine kaulahao pololei, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, nā paʻakai alkyl pyridinium, nā paʻakai o nā imidazolines a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylene dialkyl propynols, polyoxyethylene rosin amines, polyoxyethylene stearyl amines, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether alkyl sulfonates, nā paʻakai amino inner quaternary like ʻole, a me nā paʻakai i loko o nā bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa. ʻO nā mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa unahi e komo pū me nā phosphate esters, sulfate esters, acetates, carboxylates, a me kā lākou mau hui polyoxyethylene. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa wela o nā esters sulfonate a me nā carboxylates ma mua o nā phosphate esters a me nā sulfate esters. ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā bactericides e komo pū me nā paʻakai alkyl amine kaulahao pololei, nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary, nā paʻakai alkyl pyridinium, nā paʻakai o nā imidazolines a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa, nā paʻakai loko ammonium quaternary like ʻole, a me nā paʻakai o loko o nā bis (polyoxyethylene) alkyls a me kā lākou mau mea i loaʻa. ʻO nā surfactants ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea wehe aila, ʻo ia ka poʻe me kahi ʻano lālā a loaʻa nā hui sodium dithiocarboxylate.

10Nā Surfactants no ke kahe ʻana o ka kemika i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka aila

Hiki i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila mua a me ka lua ke unuhi i 25% - 50% o ka ʻaila maka ma lalo o ka honua, me ka nui o ka ʻaila maka e waiho ana ma lalo o ka honua a ʻaʻole hiki ke unuhi ʻia. Hiki i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila tertiary ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila. Hoʻohana nui ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila tertiary i nā ʻano hoʻopiha kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohui ʻana i kekahi mau kemika i ka wai i hoʻokomo ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono o ke kahe ʻana o ka wai. Ma waena o nā kemika i hoʻohana ʻia, no nā surfactants ʻoihana kekahi, a ua hoʻolauna pōkole ʻia ko lākou mau kūlana penei: ʻO ke ʻano hoʻopiha kemika me ka surfactant ma ke ʻano he mea nui i kapa ʻia ʻo surfactant flooding. Hoʻokani nui nā Surfactants i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka ʻaila ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka tension interfacial aila-wai a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu capillary. ʻOiai ua hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka ʻili o nā ʻano one, ʻo nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia he mau surfactants anionic nui, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mau surfactants sulfonate. Hana ʻia ia ma ka sulfonating i nā ʻāpana petroleum me ka nui o ka hydrocarbon aromatic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea sulfonating (e like me ka sulfur trioxide) a laila neutralizing me ka alkali. ʻO kāna mau kikoʻī: mea hana nui 50% - 80%, ʻaila mineral 5% - 30%, wai 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Kūpaʻa nā sulfonates petroleum i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe akā ʻaʻole i ka paʻakai a me nā ion metala kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā sulfonates synthetic mai nā hydrocarbons like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano hana synthesis like. I waena o lākou, kūpaʻa loa nā sulfonates α-olefin i ka paʻakai a me nā ion metala kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau surfactants anionic-nonionic a me nā surfactants carboxylate no ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka ʻaila. Pono ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ka Surfactant i ʻelua ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui: ʻo kekahi he cosurfactants, e like me isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, etc.; ʻo kekahi he electrolytes, me nā waikawa, alkalis, a me nā paʻakai, ʻo ia hoʻi nā paʻakai. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻemi i ka hydrophilicity o nā surfactants, hoʻonui iki i ka lipophilicity, a hana pū kekahi ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic o nā surfactants. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka nalowale ʻana o nā surfactants a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono waiwai, hoʻohana pū ka surfactant flooding i nā mea kemika i kapa ʻia ʻo sacrificial agents. ʻO nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he sacrificial agents e komo pū me nā mea alkaline, nā polycarboxylic acids a me ko lākou paʻakai, nā oligomers a me nā polymers hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he sacrificial agents, a ʻo nā lignosulfonates a me kā lākou huahana i hoʻololi ʻia he ʻano sacrificial agent. ʻO ke ʻano o ka aila flooding e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā mea nui no ka chemical aila flooding i kapa ʻia ʻo composite flooding. ʻO ia mau ʻano aila flooding e pili ana i nā surfactants e komo pū me: surfactant + polymer no ka surfactant flooding mānoanoa; alkali + surfactant no ka alkali-enhanced surfactant flooding a i ʻole surfactant-enhanced alkali flooding; alkali + surfactant + polymer no ka ternary composite flooding. ʻO ka composite flooding maʻamau he ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻōla ʻana o ka aila ma mua o ka hoʻokahi flooding. Wahi a ka nānā ʻana o nā ʻano hoʻomohala o kēia manawa ma ka home a ma waho, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ternary composite flooding ma mua o ka binary composite flooding. ʻO nā surfactants i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kahe ʻana o ka hui ternary he petroleum sulfonates nui ia, a ua hui pū ʻia me ka sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid a me ka carboxylate o polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, a pēlā aku, e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou kūpaʻa paʻakai. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopili koʻikoʻi nā ʻāina kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā biosurfactants, e like me rhamnolipids, sophorolipid fermentation broths, a me nā carboxylates i hui pū ʻia a me ka pepa hana alkali lignin, a pēlā aku, i loaʻa nā hopena kahe ʻaila maikaʻi i nā hoʻokolohua kahua a me nā hoʻokolohua hale hana.