1,Li-surfactante sebelisitsoe bakeng saho ntša oli e ngata
Ka lebaka la ho ba le viscosity e phahameng le ho phalla ho fokolang ha oli e boima, ho tlisa mathata a mangata ho sebelisoa. Ho ntša oli e boima joalo, ka linako tse ling litharollo tsa metsi tsa li-surfactants li kenngoa ka har'a seliba ho fetola oli e boima e nang le viscosity e phahameng hore e be li-emulsion tsa oli-ka har'a metsi tse nang le viscosity e tlase, ebe li pompeloa holimo. Li-surfactants tse sebelisoang mokhoeng ona oa ho fokotsa viscosity le ho fokotsa viscosity li kenyelletsa sodium alkyl sulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene polyene polyamine, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether sulfate, jj. Bakeng sa li-emulsion tsa oli-ka har'a metsi tse hlahisoang, ho hlokahala ho arola metsi, 'me li-surfactants tse ling tsa indasteri le tsona li sebelisoa e le li-demulsifier bakeng sa ho felloa ke metsi. Li-demulsifier tsena ke li-emulsifier tsa metsi-ka har'a oli. Tse sebelisoang hangata ke li-surfactants tsa cationic, kapa li-naphthenic acid, li-asphaltic acid le letsoai la tsona la tšepe le nang le polyvalent. Oli e boima e khethehileng e ke ke ea sebelisoa ke li-unit tsa pompo tse tloaelehileng 'me e hloka ente ea mouoane bakeng sa ho hlaphoheloa mochesong. Ho ntlafatsa phello ea ho hlaphoheloa mochesong, ho hlokahala hore ho sebelisoe li-surfactant. Ho kenya foam ka har'a seliba sa ente ea mouoane, ke hore, ho kenya li-agent tse foam tse hanelang mocheso o phahameng le likhase tse sa kolobisoang, ke e 'ngoe ea mekhoa e sebelisoang haholo ea ho lokisa. Li-agent tse foam tse sebelisoang hangata ke alkylbenzene sulfonate,α-olefin sulfonates, petroleum sulfonates, sulfoal polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ethers, le sulfoal polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ethers, jj. Kaha li-surfactants tse nang le fluorine li na le ts'ebetso e phahameng ea bokaholimo 'me li tsitsitse ho li-acid, alkalis, oksijene, mocheso le oli, ke li-agent tse ntle tsa ho fofonela tse nang le mocheso o phahameng. E le ho etsa hore oli e hasantsoeng e fete habonolo ka har'a sebopeho sa 'metso oa sebopeho kapa ho etsa hore oli e holim'a sebopeho e tlosoe habonolo, li-surfactants tse bitsoang li-agent tse hasanyang filimi lia hlokahala, 'me tse sebelisoang hangata ke li-surfactants tsa polymer tsa oxyalkylated phenolic resin.
2,Li-surfactant bakeng sa ho ntša oli e tala e kang boka
Ha o ntsha oli e tala e kang boka, ho hlokahala hore o etse thibelo ya boka kgafetsa le ho tlosa boka. Di-surfactant di sebediswa e le dithibela-boka le di-surfactant tse tlosang boka. Di-surfactant tse sebediswang bakeng sa thibelo ya boka di kenyeletsa di-surfactant tse qhibilihang ka oli le di-surfactant tse qhibilihang ka metsi. Ya pele e na le phello ya thibelo ya boka ka ho fetola dibopeho tsa bokahodimo ba kristale ya boka. Di-surfactant tse sebediswang hangata ke di-sulfonate tsa petroleum le di-surfactant tsa mofuta wa amine. Di-surfactant tse qhibilihang ka metsi di bapala karolo ho thibeleng bokahodimo ka ho fetola dibopeho tsa bokahodimo bo tshelwang boka (jwalo ka bokahodimo ba diphaephe tsa oli, di-sucker rod, le disebediswa). Li-surfactant tse fumanehang li kenyelletsa sodium alkyl sulfonate, matsoai a quaternary ammonium, alkane polyoxyethylene ethers, aromatic hydrocarbon polyoxyethylene ethers, le matsoai a tsona a sodium sulfonate, jj. Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang bakeng sa ho tlosa boka le tsona li oela likarolong tse peli: tse qhibilihang ka oli li sebelisoa ho tlosa boka bo thehiloeng oling, 'me tse qhibilihang ka metsi tse kang mofuta oa sulfonate, mofuta oa letsoai oa quaternary ammonium, mofuta oa polyether, mofuta oa Tween, li-surfactant tsa mofuta oa OP, hammoho le li-surfactant tsa mofuta oa Peregal le mofuta oa OP tse nang le sulfate esterified kapa sulfoalkylated, li sebelisoa ho tlosa boka bo thehiloeng metsing. Lilemong tsa morao tjena, ka hare ho naha le machabeng, ho tlosoa le ho thibeloa ha boka ho kopantsoe ka tlhaho, 'me li-smooth tsa boka bo thehiloeng oling le li-smooth tsa boka bo thehiloeng metsing le tsona li kopantsoe ka tlhaho ho hlahisa li-smooth tsa boka bo tsoakiloeng. Mofuta ona oa ho tlosa boka o sebelisa li-hydrocarbon tse nkhang hamonate le li-hydrocarbon tse tsoakiloeng tse nkhang hamonate e le karolo ea oli, le li-emulsifier tse nang le litlamorao tsa ho tlosa boka e le karolo ea metsi. Ha emulsifier e khethiloeng e le surfactant e seng ea ionic e nang le ntlha e loketseng ea leru, e ka fihla kapa ea feta ntlha ea eona ea leru mochesong o ka tlase ho karolo ea ho boloka boka ea seliba sa oli, ka hona e etsa hore se tlosa boka ba mofuta o tsoakiloeng se ntše mulsify pele se kena karolong ea ho boloka boka, se arohane ka mefuta e 'meli ea li-remover tsa boka, tse nang le phello ea ho tlosa boka ka nako e le' ngoe.
3,Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang letsopa le tsitsitseng
Ho tsitsisa letsopa ho kenyeletsa likarolo tse peli: ho thibela ho ruruha ha diminerale tsa letsopa le ho thibela ho falla ha dikarolwana tsa diminerale tsa letsopa. Bakeng sa ho thibela ho ruruha ha letsopa, di-surfactants tsa cationic tse kang mofuta wa letswai la amine, mofuta wa letswai la ammonium la quaternary, mofuta wa letswai la pyridine, le letswai la imidazoline di ka sebediswa. Bakeng sa ho thibela ho falla ha dikarolwana tsa diminerale tsa letsopa, di-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic-cationic tse nang le fluorine di ka sebediswa.
4,Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang mehatong ea ho etsa asiti
Ho ntlafatsa phello ea asiti, hangata ho hlokahala ho eketsa lintho tse ling tse tlatsetsang tharollong ea asiti. Surfactant efe kapa efe e lumellanang le tharollo ea asiti le e monngoang habonolo ke sebopeho e ka sebelisoa e le retarder e asitisang. Mehlala e kenyelletsa li-amine hydrochloride tse mafura, letsoai la ammonium la quaternary, le letsoai la pyridinium har'a li-surfactants tsa cationic, hammoho le li-polyoxyethylene alkylphenol ethers tse nang le sulfonated, carboxymethylated, phosphate-esterified, kapa sulfate-esterified har'a li-surfactants tsa amphoteric. Li-surfactants tse ling, tse kang dodecyl sulfonic acid le letsoai la eona la alkylamine, li ka emulsify tharollo ea asiti ka oli ho etsa emulsion ea acid-in-oil, eo, ha e sebelisoa e le mokelikeli o sebetsang o asitisang, e boetse e sebetsa e le retarder.
Li-surfactant tse ling li ka sebetsa e le li-demulsifier bakeng sa maro a etsang hore e be asiti. Li-surfactant tse nang le meaho e nang le makala, joalo ka polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene propylene glycol ether le polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene pentaethylenehexamine, li ka sebetsa e le li-demulsifier tse etsang hore e be asiti.
Li-surfactants tse itseng li ka sebelisoa e le li-additives tsa ho hloekisa asiti tse sebelisitsoeng, ho kenyeletsoa le letsoai la amine, letsoai la quaternary ammonium, letsoai la pyridinium, non-ionic, amphoteric, le li-surfactants tse nang le fluorine.
Li-surfactants tse ling li sebetsa e le li-inhibitors tse eketsang asiti, joalo ka li-surfactants tse qhibilihang ka oli joalo ka alkylphenols, fatty acids, alkylbenzenesulfonic acids, le letsoai la quaternary ammonium. Ka lebaka la ho qhibiliha ha tsona ka asiti ho fokolang, li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic li ka sebelisoa ho li hasanya ka har'a tharollo ea asiti.
Ho ntlafatsa phello ea ho etsa hore metsi a be matla, ho hlokahala hore ho eketsoe li-modifiers tsa ho nosetsa tharollong ea asiti ho fetola ho nosetsa ha sebaka se haufi le seliba ho tloha ho metsi a oli ho ea ho metsi a metsi. Metsoako e kang polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether le phosphate-esterified polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene alkyl alcohol ether li monngoa ke sebopeho e le lera la mantlha la ho monya, ka hona li fihlella phetoho ea ho nosetsa.
Ho phaella moo, di-surfactants tse ding, tse kang di-amine hydrochloride tse mafura, matswai a quaternary ammonium, kapa di-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic-anionic, di sebediswa e le di-agent tse foam ho lokisa maro a sebetsang a foam acid, a fihlellang merero ya ho diehisa karabelo, ho thibela ho bola, le ho etsa hore sebopeho se be le asiti. Ka tsela e nngwe, di-foam tse jwalo di ka sebediswa e le di-pre-pad bakeng sa ho etsa hore asiti e be teng: kamora ho kenngwa sebopehong, tharollo ya asiti e kenngwa ka mora moo. Phello ya Jamin e hlahiswang ke dipululana tse foam e ka kgelosa tharollo ya asiti, ya e qobella ho qhala haholo-holo dikarolo tse nang le ho kenella ho tlase mme ka hona ya ntlafatsa phello ya ho etsa hore asiti e be teng.
5,Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang mehatong ea ho roba
Mehato ea ho robeha hangata e sebelisoa libakeng tsa oli tse sa keneleng metsi haholo. Li kenyelletsa ho sebelisa khatello ho robeha sebopeho, ho etsa mapetso, le ho tšehetsa mapetso ka li-proppants ho fokotsa ho hanyetsa phallo ea mokelikeli, ka hona ho fihlella sepheo sa ho eketsa tlhahiso le ente. Metsi a mang a robehang a entsoe ka li-surfactants e le e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa tsona. Metsi a robehang ka oli a lokisoa ho tsoa metsing, oli le li-emulsifier. Li-emulsifier tse sebelisoang li kenyelletsa li-surfactants tsa ionic, tse seng tsa ionic, le amphoteric. Haeba metsi a teteaneng a sebelisoa e le karolo ea kantle le oli e le karolo ea kahare, mokelikeli oa ho robeha ka oli o teteaneng (polymer emulsion) o ka etsoa. Mofuta ona oa mokelikeli oa ho robeha o ka sebelisoa mochesong o ka tlase ho 160°C 'me o ka ntša le ho ntša metsi ka bohona. Metsi a robehang ka foam ke a nang le metsi e le sebaka sa ho hasanya le khase e le karolo e hasaneng, eo likarolo tsa eona tse ka sehloohong e leng metsi, khase le li-ejenti tse foamisang. Li-sulfonate tsa alkyl, li-sulfonate tsa alkyl benzene, li-ester tsa alkyl sulfate, letsoai la ammonium la quaternary, le li-surfactants tsa mofuta oa OP kaofela li ka sebelisoa e le li-agent tse foametsang. Bongata ba li-agent tse foametsang metsing hangata ke 0.5-2%, 'me karolelano ea bophahamo ba mokhahlelo oa khase ho ea ho bophahamo ba foam e tloha ho 0.5 ho isa ho 0.9. Metsi a fracturing a thehiloeng oling a etsoa ho sebelisoa oli e le solvent kapa mokhoa oa ho hasanya. Lioli tse sebelisoang haholo ts'ebelisong ea masimo ke oli e tala kapa likaroloana tsa eona tse boima. Ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea tsona ea viscosity-temperature, li-sulfonate tsa petroleum tse qhibilihang ka oli (tse nang le boima ba limolek'hule ba 300-750) li hloka ho eketsoa. Metsi a fracturing a thehiloeng oling a boetse a kenyelletsa metsi a fracturing a oli le metsi a fracturing a foam. Ea pele e sebelisa li-surfactants tsa anionic tse qhibilihang ka oli, li-surfactants tsa cationic, le li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic e le li-emulsifiers, ha ea morao e sebelisa li-surfactants tsa polymeric tse nang le fluorine e le li-stabilizer tsa foam. Metsi a qhaqhang bakeng sa dibopeho tse utlwang metsi ke di-emulsion kapa di-foam tse entsweng ka ho sebedisa motswako wa di-alcohol (jwalo ka ethylene glycol) le oli (jwalo ka parafini) e le mokgahlelo wa ho hasana, khabone e metsi e le karolo e hasantsweng, le di-ether tsa alcohol tse nang le sulfate polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol tse nang le sulfate e le di-emulsifier kapa di-agent tse foamisang, tse sebediswang bakeng sa ho qhaqhang dibopeho tse utlwang metsi. Metsi a qhaqhang bakeng sa ho qhaqhang asiti a sebetsa e le matsi a qhaqhang le matsi a etsang asiti, a sebediswang dibopeho tsa carbonate moo mehato ena ka bobedi e etswang ka nako e le nngwe. Tse amanang le di-surfactants ke di-foam tsa asiti le di-emulsion tsa asiti; ya pele e sebedisa di-sulfonate tsa alkyl kapa di-sulfonate tsa alkyl benzene e le di-agent tse foamisang foam, mme ya morao e sebedisa di-surfactants tsa mofuta wa sulfonate e le di-emulsifier. Jwalo ka matsi a etsang asiti, matsi a qhaqhang le ona a sebedisa di-surfactants e le di-demulsifier, di-additives tsa ho hlwekisa, le di-agent tse fetolang metsi, tse ke keng tsa qaqiswa mona.
6,Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang mehatong ea taolo ea profil le ea ho koala metsi
Ho ntlafatsa katleho ea nts'etsopele ea likhohola le ho thibela sekhahla sa keketseho ea ho khaoloa ha metsi a oli e tala, ho hlokahala ho lokisa boemo ba ho monya metsi lilibeng tsa ente le ho kenya tšebetsong mehato ea ho koala metsi lilibeng tsa tlhahiso e le mekhoa ea ho susumetsa. Tse ling tsa mekhoa ena ea taolo ea liprofile le ho koala metsi hangata li sebelisa li-surfactants tse itseng. Moemeli oa taolo ea liprofile tsa gel oa HPC/SDS o lokisoa ka ho kopanya hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) le sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) metsing a hloekileng. Sodium alkyl sulfonate le alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride li qhibiliha ka ho latellana metsing ho lokisa maro a mabeli a sebetsang, a kenngoang ka har'a sebopeho ka tatellano. Maro a mabeli a sebetsang a kopana sebopehong, a hlahisa alkyl sulfite precipitates ea alkyl trimethyl amine, e thibelang likarolo tse nang le phallo e phahameng. Polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, alkyl aryl sulfonate, jj., li ka sebelisoa e le li-agent tse foamisang. Li qhibiliha ka metsing ho lokisa mokelikeli o sebetsang, ebe o kenngoa ka mokhoa o fapaneng sebopehong ka mokelikeli o sebetsang oa carbon dioxide. Sena se etsa foam sebopehong (haholo-holo ka mekhahlelo e nang le ho kenella ho hoholo ha metsi), se baka ho thibana le ho fihlella phello ea taolo ea profil. Surfactant ea mofuta oa letsoai la ammonium ea quaternary e sebelisoa e le moemeli oa foam, e qhibilihisoa ka har'a silika sol e lokisitsoeng ho tsoa ho ammonium sulfate le khalase ea metsi, ebe e kenngoa sebopehong. Ebe, khase e sa kolobisoang (khase ea tlhaho kapa khase ea chlorine) ea kenngoa, e qalang ka ho hlahisa foam ka mokelikeli e le mokhoa oa ho hasanya sebopehong, ebe li-gel tsa silica sol ho hlahisa foam e nang le se tiileng e le mokhoa oa ho hasanya, ka hona e thibela mekhahlelo e nang le ho kenella ho hoholo ha metsi le ho fihlella taolo ea profil. Ho sebelisoa li-surfactant tsa mofuta oa sulfonate e le li-agent tse foamang le metsoako e phahameng ea limolek'hule e le li-agent tse teteanang le tse tsitsitseng foam, e lateloang ke ho kenya khase kapa lintho tse hlahisang khase, foam e thehiloeng metsing e hlahisoa holim'a metsi kapa sebopehong. Lera la oli, palo e kholo ea surfactant e fallela sebakeng sa oli le metsi, e leng se etsang hore foam e robehe, kahoo ha e thibele lera la oli 'me ke moemeli ea khethang oa ho koala metsi selibeng sa oli. Sesebediswa sa ho thiba metsi sa samente se thehilweng oling ke sekontiri se kenngwang ka samente ka oling. Bokaholimo ba samente bo na le metsi a mangata. Ha e kena ka hara lera le hlahisang metsi, metsi a tlosa oli e holim'a samente mme a kopana le samente, e leng se etsang hore samente e tiee le ho thibela lera le hlahisang metsi. Ho ntlafatsa ho phalla ha sesebediswa sena sa ho thiba metsi, hangata ho eketsoa di-surfactant tsa mofuta wa carboxylate le sulfonate. Sesebediswa sa ho thiba metsi sa micellar se thehilweng metsing ke tharollo ya micellar e entsweng haholo-holo ka ammonium petroleum sulfonate, hydrocarbons, alcohols, jj. Ha e kopana le metsi a letsoai haholo sebopehong, e ka ba viscous ho fihlella phello ya ho thiba metsi. Disebediswa tsa ho thiba metsi tsa tharollo ya cationic surfactant e thehilweng metsing kapa e thehilweng oling, tse entsweng haholo-holo ka alkyl carboxylate le alkyl ammonium chloride surfactants, di sebetsa feela ho dibopeho tsa lejwe la lehlabathe. Sesebediswa sa ho thiba oli e boima se sebetsang ke oli e boima e qhibilihisitsweng ka di-emulsifier tsa metsi ka oli. Ha e kopana le metsi sebopehong, e hlahisa emulsion e nang le viscosity e phahameng ho fihlella ho thiba metsi. Sesebediswa sa ho thiba oli metsing se lokiswa ka ho emulsifying oli e boima ka metsing ho sebediswa di-surfactants tsa cationic e le di-emulsifier tsa oli ka metsing.
7,Li-surfactant bakeng sa mehato ea taolo ea lehlabathe
Pele ho ts'ebetso ea taolo ea lehlabathe, metsi a itseng a sebetsang a lokisitsoeng ka li-surfactants a hloka ho entoa e le mokelikeli oa preflush ho hloekisa sebopeho pele, e le ho ntlafatsa phello ea taolo ea lehlabathe. Bongata ba li-surfactants tse sebelisoang hangata hajoale ke li-surfactants tsa anionic.
8,Li-surfactant bakeng sa ho felloa ke metsi ha oli e tala
Mehatong ea pele le ea bobeli ea ho hlaphoheloa ha oli, li-demulsifier tse ka har'a oli li sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa oli e tala e hlahisitsoeng. Meloko e meraro ea lihlahisoa e se e ntlafalitsoe. Moloko oa pele o kenyelletsa li-carboxylate, li-sulfate le li-sulfonate. Moloko oa bobeli o na le li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic tse boima bo tlase ba limolek'hule tse kang OP, Pegosperse, le oli ea castor e nang le sulfonate. Moloko oa boraro ke li-surfactants tse seng tsa ionic tse boima bo phahameng ba limolek'hule. Mokhahlelong oa morao oa ho hlaphoheloa ha oli ea bobeli le mohatong oa ho hlaphoheloa ha oli ea boraro, oli e tala e hlahisitsoeng hangata e teng ka mokhoa oa li-emulsion tsa oli ka metsing. Ho na le mefuta e mene ea li-demulsifier tse sebelisoang, joalo ka tetradecyltrimethylammonium chloride le didecyldimethylammonium chloride. Tsena li ka arabela le li-emulsifier tsa anionic ho fetola boleng ba tsona ba ho leka-lekana ha hydrophilic-lipophilic, kapa tsa monya holim'a likaroloana tsa letsopa tse metsi ho fetola ho nosetsa ha tsona le ho roba emulsion ea oli ka har'a metsi. Ho phaella moo, di-surfactant tse ding tsa anionic tse ka sebetsang e le di-emulsifier tse ka hara oli le di-surfactant tse sa qhibiliheng ka oli le tsona di ka sebediswa e le di-demulsifier bakeng sa di-emulsion tse ka hara oli.
9,Li-surfactant bakeng sa kalafo ea metsi
Ka mora hore oli e tala e aroloe ho mokelikeli o hlahisitsoeng oa seliba sa oli, metsi a hlahisitsoeng a hloka ho hloekisoa ho fihlela litlhoko tsa ho kenngoa hape. Merero ea kalafo ea metsi e kenyelletsa likarolo tse tšeletseng: thibelo ea mafome, thibelo ea sekala, ho bolaea likokoana-hloko, ho ntša oksijene, ho tlosa oli le ho tlosa lintho tse tiileng tse emisitsoeng. Ka hona, ho sebelisoa li-inhibitor tsa mafome, li-inhibitor tsa sekala, li-bactericides, li-deoxidizer, li-remover tsa oli, li-flocculant, jj. Li-surfactants tsa indasteri tse amehang ke tse latelang:
Li-surfactant tsa indasteri tse sebelisoang e le li-anticorrosion li kenyelletsa letsoai la li-acid tsa alkyl sulfonic, li-acid tsa alkyl benzene sulfonic, li-acid tsa perfluoroalkyl sulfonic, matsoai a alkyl amine a otlolohileng, matsoai a quaternary ammonium, matsoai a alkyl pyridinium, matsoai a imidazoline le li-derivatives tsa tsona, li-ether tsa polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol, li-propynols tsa polyoxyethylene dialkyl, li-amine tsa polyoxyethylene stearyl, li-ether tsa polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonates, matsoai a fapaneng a ka hare a amino a quaternary, le matsoai a ka hare a li-alkyl tsa bis (polyoxyethylene) le li-derivatives tsa tsona. Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang e le li-inhibitor tsa sekala li kenyelletsa li-ester tsa phosphate, li-ester tsa sulfate, li-acetate, li-carboxylate, le metsoako ea tsona ea polyoxyethylene. Ho tsitsa ha li-ester tsa sulfonate le li-carboxylate ho molemo haholo ho feta ha li-ester tsa phosphate le li-ester tsa sulfate. Li-surfactants tsa indasteri tse sebelisoang e le libaktheria li kenyelletsa letsoai la alkyl amine la ketane e otlolohileng, letsoai la ammonium la quaternary, letsoai la alkyl pyridinium, letsoai la imidazolines le li-derivatives tsa tsona, letsoai le fapaneng la ammonium inner salts la quaternary, le letsoai la inner la bis(polyoxyethylene) alkyls le li-derivatives tsa tsona. Li-surfactants tsa indasteri tse sebelisoang e le li-remover tsa oli haholo-holo ke tse nang le sebopeho se nang le makala 'me li na le lihlopha tsa sodium dithiocarboxylate.
10,Li-surfactant bakeng sa likhohola tsa lik'hemik'hale ho khutliseng oli
Ho fumana oli ea mantlha le ea bobeli ho ka ntša 25% - 50% ea oli e tala e ka tlas'a lefatše, 'me oli e tala e ngata e sala ka tlas'a lefatše 'me e sa khone ho ntšoa. Ho fumana oli e phahameng ho ka ntlafatsa katleho ea ho fumana oli. Ho fumana oli e phahameng ho sebelisa mekhoa ea lik'hemik'hale ea ho kenya lik'hemik'hale, ke hore, ho eketsa lik'hemik'hale tse ling metsing a kenngoeng ho ntlafatsa katleho ea ho kenya metsi. Har'a lik'hemik'hale tse sebelisoang, tse ling ke tsa li-surfactants tsa indasteri, 'me maemo a tsona a hlahisoa ka bokhutšoanyane ka tsela e latelang: Mokhoa oa ho kenya lik'hemik'hale ka surfactant e le moemeli oa mantlha o bitsoa surfactant moroallo. Li-surfactants li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho ntlafatseng ho fumana oli ka ho fokotsa tsitsipano ea interfacial ea oli le metsi le ho eketsa palo ea capillary. Kaha bokaholimo ba libopeho tsa lejoe la lehlabathe bo chailoe hampe, li-surfactants tse sebelisoang haholo-holo ke li-surfactants tsa anionic, 'me boholo ba tsona ke li-surfactants tsa sulfonate. E etsoa ka ho kopanya likaroloana tsa peterole tse nang le sulfonating e ngata ea hydrocarbon e nkhang hamonate ho sebelisoa li-sulfonating agents (joalo ka sulfur trioxide) ebe lia li fokotsa ka alkali. Litlhaloso tsa eona: motsoako o sebetsang 50% - 80%, oli ea diminerale 5% - 30%, metsi 2% - 20%, sodium sulfate 1% - 6%. Li-sulfonate tsa peterole li hanela mocheso o phahameng empa ha li hanele letsoai le li-ion tsa tšepe tse nang le valent e phahameng. Li-sulfonate tsa maiketsetso li lokisoa ho tsoa ho li-hydrocarbon tse tsamaellanang ho sebelisoa mekhoa e tsamaellanang ea ho kopanya. Har'a tsona, li-sulfonate tsa α-olefin li hanela haholo li-ion tsa tšepe tse nang le letsoai le tse nang le valent e phahameng. Ho phaella moo, li-surfactants tse ling tsa anionic-nonionic le li-surfactants tsa carboxylate le tsona li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa ho tlatsa oli. Ho tlatsa oli ho hloka mefuta e 'meli ea li-additives: e 'ngoe ke li-cosurfactants, tse kang isobutanol, diethylene glycol butyl ether, urea, sulfolane, alkenyl benzene sulfonates, jj.; e 'ngoe ke li-electrolyte, ho kenyeletsoa li-acid, alkalis, le letsoai, haholo-holo letsoai. Li ka fokotsa ho feto-fetoha ha metsi ha li-surfactants, tsa eketsa lipophilicity ka mokhoa o batlang o lekana, 'me tsa boela tsa sebetsa ka ho fetola boleng ba tekano ea hydrophilic-lipophilic ea li-surfactants. E le ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea li-surfactants le ho ntlafatsa katleho ea moruo, likhohola tsa surfactant li boetse li sebelisa lintho tsa lik'hemik'hale tse bitsoang li-sehlabelo. Lintho tse ka sebelisoang e le li-sehlabelo li kenyelletsa lintho tsa alkaline, li-polycarboxylic acid le letsoai la tsona, li-oligomers le li-polymers le tsona li ka sebelisoa e le li-sehlabelo, 'me lignosulfonate le lihlahisoa tsa tsona tse fetotsoeng ke mofuta oa li-sehlabelo. Mokhoa oa ho tlatsa oli o sebelisang li-sehlabelo tse peli kapa ho feta bakeng sa likhohola tsa oli ea lik'hemik'hale o bitsoa likhohola tse kopaneng. Mekhoa e joalo ea ho tlatsa oli e amanang le li-surfactants e kenyelletsa: surfactant + polymer bakeng sa likhohola tsa surfactant tse teteaneng; alkali + surfactant bakeng sa likhohola tsa surfactant tse ntlafalitsoeng ke alkali kapa likhohola tsa alkali tse ntlafalitsoeng ke surfactant; alkali + surfactant + polymer bakeng sa likhohola tse kopaneng tsa ternary. Hangata likhohola tse kopantsoeng li na le pholiso e phahameng ea oli ho feta likhohola tse le 'ngoe. Ho ea ka tlhahlobo ea mekhoa ea nts'etsopele ea hona joale lapeng le kantle ho naha, likhohola tse kopantsoeng tsa ternary li na le melemo e phahameng ho feta likhohola tse kopantsoeng tsa binary. Li-surfactant tse sebelisoang likhohola tsa ternary composite haholo-holo ke li-sulfonate tsa petroleum, 'me hangata li kopanngoa le sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid le carboxylate ea polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol ether, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl alcohol alkyl sulfonate, jj., ho ntlafatsa khanyetso ea tsona ea letsoai. Haufinyane tjena, linaha tsa lehae le tsa kantle ho naha li kentse bohlokoa lipatlisisong le ts'ebelisong ea li-biosurfactants, joalo ka rhamnolipids, sophorolipid fermentation broths, hammoho le li-carboxylate tsa tlhaho tse tsoakiloeng le alkaline lignin ea papermaking, jj., tse fihletseng liphello tse ntle tsa likhohola tsa oli litekong tsa masimo le tsa laboratori.
Nako ea poso: Hlakubele-26-2026