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Dịka ihe mgbakwunye nri na-agbanwe udidi, emulsifiers na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ nri. Ka anyị leba anya n'usoro ọrụ nkeihe ndị na-eme ka emulsifiers dị!
Emulsion
Emulsions dị n'ọtụtụ ebe na nri. Otu usoro nwere mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri, nke a na-akpọ hydrophilic phase; nke ọzọ bụ usoro organic nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na mmiri, nke a makwaara dị ka usoro lipophilic. Mgbe agwakọtara mmiri abụọ a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha dị ka mmiri na mmanụ, enwere ike ịmepụta ụdị emulsions abụọ, ya bụ emulsions mmanụ-n'ime-mmiri (O/W) na emulsions mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ (W/O). Na emulsions mmanụ-n'ime-mmiri, a na-agbasa mmanụ na mmiri dị ka obere ntapụ mmiri, yana ntapụ mmanụ na-eje ozi dị ka usoro gbasaa na mmiri dị ka usoro na-aga n'ihu. Mmiri ara ehi bụ ihe atụ nkịtị nke emulsion O/W. N'aka nke ọzọ, na emulsions mmiri-n'ime-mmanụ, a na-agbasa mmiri na mmanụ dị ka obere ntapụ mmiri, ebe mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka usoro gbasaa na mmanụ dị ka usoro na-aga n'ihu, yana margarine bụ nnọchite anya emulsion W/O.
Usoro nke Emulsifiers
Ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe oriri na-agbaze, nke a na-akpọkwandị na-eme ka mmiri dị n'ime ala pụta ìhè, bụ ihe ndị na-agbanwe mmiri ndị a na-apụghị ịgbasa ka ọ bụrụ emulsions ndị a gbasasịrị n'otu aka ahụ. Dịka ihe mgbakwunye nri, ha nwere ike ibelata nrụgide dị n'etiti mmanụ na mmiri mgbe etinyere ha na nri, si otú a na-emepụta emulsions kwụsiri ike site na mmanụ a na-apụghị ịgbasa (ihe ndị na-akpata hydrophobic) na mmiri (ihe ndị na-akpata hydrophilic).
N'otu aka, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro na-emepụta ihe nkiri molekul dị gịrịgịrị n'ebe abụọ ahụ na-asọ oyi iji belata ike efu nke sistemụ ahụ dum ma mepụta njikọ ọhụrụ. Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro nwere otu hydrophilic na lipophilic, nke nwere ike ịbanye n'elu mmanụ na mmiri na-asọ oyi iji mepụta akwa molekul dị gịrịgịrị ma belata nrụgide dị n'etiti usoro abụọ ahụ. Iji kwuo nke ọma, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro na-akpakọrịta na akụkụ lipophilic nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro na akụkụ hydrophilic nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ abụọ a na-agbanwe nrụgide dị n'etiti ihu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro na-etolite akwa adsorption nchebe n'elu obere ntụpọ, na-enye ụmụ irighiri mmiri ahụ ike siri ike nke steric. N'ozuzu, oke dose nke ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị nro na-eduga na mbelata dị ukwuu na nrụgide dị n'etiti ihu. Nke a na-enye ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na mbụ ohere ịgwakọta n'otu aka ma mepụta usoro mgbasa ozi yiri nke ahụ, nke na-agbanwe ọnọdụ anụ ahụ mbụ, na-eme ka nhazi ime nri ka mma, ma na-eme ka mma nri ka mma.
Uru Nhazi Hydrophilic-Lipophilic
Nhazi hydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) uru: Emulsifiers nwere hydrophilicity siri ike na-etolitekarị emulsions mmanụ-n'ime mmiri, ebe ndị nwere lipophilicity siri ike na-emepụta emulsions mmiri-n'ime mmanụ. A na-ejikarị uru HLB eme ihe iji mara nguzozi hydrophilic-lipophilic nke emulsifiers ma tụọ nha hydrophilicity ha. E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ mgbakọ na mwepụ maka uru HLB:
Usoro dị iche: HLB = Mmiri nke otu hydrophilicity−Ịdị oke njọ nke otu lipophilic
Usoro nhazi: HLB = Mmiri nke otu hydrophilic / Mmiri nke otu lipophilic
A pụrụ ịchọpụta uru HLB nke emulsifier ọ bụla site na nnwale. A na-ekwu na emulsifiers nwere 100% lipophilicity (nke paraffin wax na-anọchite anya ya) nwere uru HLB nke 0, ebe ndị nwere 100% hydrophilicity (nke potassium oleate na-anọchite anya ya) nwere uru HLB nke 20. A na-ekewa oke dị n'etiti 0 na 20 n'ime akụkụ 20 hà nhata iji gosi ike hydrophilicity na lipophilicity. Uru HLB dị elu kwekọrọ na hydrophilicity siri ike, ebe uru HLB dị ala pụtara lipophilicity siri ike.
Ọtụtụ emulsifiers nke nri bụ ihe na-abụghị nke ionic surfactants nwere ụkpụrụ HLB dị site na 0 ruo 20; e depụtara ihe ndị kwekọrọ na emulsifiers nonionic nwere ụkpụrụ HLB dị iche iche na tebụl ahụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ionic surfactants nwere ụkpụrụ HLB dị site na 0 ruo 40. Ya mere, emulsifiers nwere ụkpụrụ HLB dị n'okpuru 10 bụ lipophilic, ebe ndị nwere ụkpụrụ HLB hà nhata ma ọ bụ karịa 10 na-egosipụta njirimara hydrophilic.
Maka emulsifiers agwakọtara agwakọta, uru HLB ha bụ ihe mgbakwunye. Ya mere, mgbe ejiri emulsifiers abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa jikọta ọnụ, enwere ike ịgbakọ uru HLB nke emulsifier agwakọtara dabere na oke nke emulsifier ọ bụla: HLBa,b = HLBa·A% + HLBb·B%
Ebe HLBa,b na-egosi uru HLB nke ngwakọta nke emulsifier a na emulsifier b; HLBa na HLBb na-anọchite anya uru HLB nke emulsifier a na emulsifier b; A% na B% na-anọchite anya pasentị oke nke emulsifier a na emulsifier b na emulsifier agwakọtara (Usoro a metụtara naanị emulsifier na-abụghị ionic).
Ụzọ Nkwadebe na Ihe Ndị Na-emetụta Emulsifiers
E nwere ụzọ nkwadebe anọ maka emulsifiers, ya bụ usoro chịngọm kpọrọ nkụ, usoro chịngọm mmiri mmiri, usoro ngwakọta mmanụ na mmiri na usoro igwe.
Usoro chịngọm kpọrọ nkụ gụnyere itinye usoro mmiri n'ime usoro mmanụ nwere emulsifiers. N'oge nkwadebe, a na-ebu ụzọ gwakọta ntụ chịngọm (emulsifier) na mmanụ, tinye obere mmiri, a na-agwakọta ngwakọta ahụ ma mee emulsifier ka ọ bụrụ emulsifier mbụ, wee tinye mmiri ka ọ gwakọta ruo na oke zuru oke. Usoro chịngọm mmiri pụtara ịgbakwunye usoro mmanụ na usoro mmiri nwere emulsifiers. Na nkwadebe, a na-agbaze chịngọm (emulsifier) na mmiri iji mee mucilage chịngọm dị ka usoro mmiri; mgbe ahụ, a na-agbakwunye usoro mmanụ na usoro mmiri n'ọtụtụ ma gwakọta ya ka ọ bụrụ emulsifier mbụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-agbakwunye mmiri na oke zuru oke. Usoro ngwakọta nke usoro mmanụ na mmiri na-ezo aka n'ịgwakọta ụfọdụ mmanụ na mmiri, na-egweri chịngọm acacia nke ọma na ngwa agha, na-agbakwunye ngwakọta mmanụ na mmiri n'ime ya iji ghee ngwa ngwa ka ọ bụrụ emulsifier mbụ, wee gwakọta ya na mmiri.
Nkwadebe nke emulsifiers na-elekwasị anya karịsịa n'itinye ụdị mmiri abụọ n'ime mmiri, mmetụta emulsifier na-emetụtakwa ịdị mma nke emulsifier. Isi ihe ndị na-emetụta emulsifier gụnyere nrụgide interfacial, viscosity na okpomọkụ, oge emulsifier, na usoro onunu ogwu. N'ozuzu, a na-ahọrọ emulsifier ndị nwere ike ibelata nrụgide interfacial nke ukwuu. Okpomọkụ emulsifier kacha mma maka emulsifier bụ ihe dị ka 70°C; ọ bụrụ na ejiri ihe ndị na-abụghị ionic mee ihe dị ka ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri, okpomọkụ nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri agaghị agafe ebe ha si ekpuchi igwe ojii. N'ikwu ya n'ozuzu, ka oke nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri dịkwuo elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ndị e ji mee ka ihe dị n'ime mmiri ga-esi kwụsie ike.
Oge ozi: Julaị-21-2026