Nekuvandudzwa kwemararamiro evanhu, zvinodiwa nevatengi nezvekudya hazvichagumiri pakukosha kwekudya kunovaka muviri kwakaringana. Vanodawo hunhu hunogutsa hwechikafu, kusanganisira chitarisiko, ruvara, kunhuhwirira, kuravira, kugara kwenguva refu uye kutsva.
Sezvinhu zvinogadzirisa magadzirirwo ezvekudya, zvinosanganisa chikafu zvine basa guru muindasitiri yezvekudya. Ngatitarisei mashandiro anoita chikafu.zvinosanganisa!
Emulsions
Emulsions inowanikwa zvakanyanya muzvikafu. Chikamu chimwe chinosanganisira mvura kana mvura, pamwe chete chinonzi hydrophilic phase; chimwe chikamu i organic phase isingasanganiswe nemvura, inozivikanwawo se lipophilic phase. Kana zvinwiwa zviviri zvisingasanganiswe zvakaita semvura nemafuta zvikasanganiswa, mhando mbiri dze emulsions dzinogona kuumbwa, dzinoti oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions uye water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. Mu oil-in-water emulsions, oil inoparadzirwa mumvura semadonhwe madiki, nemadonhwe emafuta anoshanda se dispersed phase uye water se continuous medium. Mukaka muenzaniso wakajairika we O/W emulsion. Kusiyana neizvi, mu water-in-oil emulsions, mvura inoparadzirwa mumafuta semadonhwe madiki, uko mvura inoshanda se dispersed phase uye oil se continuous medium, nemargarine iri mumiriri we W/O emulsion.
Maitiro Ekuita Emulsifiers
Zvinosanganisa chikafu, zvinonziwozvinhu zvinoshandisa masurfactant, zvinhu zvinoshandura mvura isingasanganisike kuita emulsions dzakapararira zvakaenzana. Sezvinowedzera zvekudya, zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kushushikana pakati pezvikamu zvemafuta nemvura mushure mekuiswa muchikafu, nokudaro zvichigadzira emulsions dzakagadzikana kubva mumafuta asingasanganisike (zvinhu zvisingasanganisike) nemvura (zvinhu zvinopindirana nemvura).
Kune rumwe rutivi, ma emulsifier anogadzira ma "thin molecular films" panzvimbo dzinodzivirira zvipembenene zvezvikamu zviviri izvi kuti aderedze simba risingabvi pamusoro pemuviri wese uye agadzire nzvimbo itsva. Ma "emulsifier" ane mapoka e "hydrophilic" ne "lipophilic", ayo anogona kunamatira kunzvimbo dzinodzivirira zvipembenene zvemafuta nemvura zvichiteerana kuti aumbe ma "thin molecular layers" uye aderedze tension pakati pezvikamu zviviri izvi. Kutaura chokwadi, ma "oil molecules" anoshanda ne "lipophilic segments" dze "emulsifiers" nepo ma "water molecules" achibatana ne "hydrophilic segments" dze "emulsifiers", uye kudyidzana pakati pemativi maviri aya kunochinja tension ye "interfacial". Kune rumwe rutivi, ma "emulsifiers" anogadzira "protective adsorption layers" pamusoro pemadonhwe madiki, zvichiita kuti madonhwe acho ave ne "strong steric stabilization". Kazhinji, "high dosage" ye "emulsifiers" inoderedza tension ye "interfacial". Izvi zvinobvumira zvinhu zvisingasanganisike kuti zvisanganiswe zvakaenzana uye zvigadzire "homogeneous dispersion system", iyo inoshandura mamiriro ekutanga emuviri, inogadzirisa chimiro chemukati chechikafu, uye inovandudza mhando yechikafu.
Kukosha kweKuenzanisa kweHydrophilic-Lipophilic
Kuenzana kwehydrophilic-lipophilic (HLB) kukosha: MaEmulsifier ane simba remvura anowanzo gadzira ma emulsion emafuta mumvura, nepo ane simba remafuta akawandisa anogadzira ma emulsion emvura mumvura. HLB value inowanzo shandiswa kuratidza hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ye emulsifiers uye kuyera hydrophilicity yavo. Nzira dzakawanda dzekuverenga dziripo dzeHLB values:
Fomura yemusiyano: HLB = Kunyungudika kwemapoka anonyungudika mumvura−Kuvenga mapoka emafuta anokora
Fomura yekuyera: HLB = Kunyungudika kwemapoka evanofarira kufema / Kunyungudika kwemapoka evanofarira kufema
Kukosha kweHLB kwe emulsifier yega yega kunogona kuonekwa nekuyedza. Zvinotaurwa kuti emulsifiers dzine 100% lipophilicity (dzinomiririrwa neparaffin wax) dzine HLB value ye0, uye idzo dzine 100% hydrophilicity (dzinomiririrwa nepotassium oleate) dzine HLB value ye20. Nhamba iri pakati pe0 ne20 yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu makumi maviri zvakaenzana kuratidza simba re hydrophilicity uye lipophilicity. Kukosha kwakakwirira kweHLB kunoenderana ne hydrophilicity yakasimba, nepo HLB value yakaderera inoreva lipophilicity yakasimba.
Mazhinji emulsifiers emhando yezvekudya ndee nonionic surfactants ane HLB values kubva pa0 kusvika pa20; hunhu hunoenderana hwe nonionic emulsifiers ane HLB values dzakasiyana dzakanyorwa mutafura. Kusiyana neizvi, ionic surfactants ine HLB values inosvika 0 kusvika 40. Saka, emulsifiers ane HLB values pasi pe10 anonyanya kupfava, nepo ane HLB values akaenzana kana kupfuura 10 achiratidza hunhu hwe hydrophilic.
Kune ma emulsifiers akasanganiswa, HLB values dzavo dzinowedzera. Saka, kana ma emulsifiers maviri kana anopfuura akashandiswa pamwe chete, HLB value ye mixed emulsifier inogona kuverengerwa zvichibva pahuwandu hwezvikamu zve emulsifier imwe neimwe: HLBa,b = HLBa·A% + HLBb·B%
Apo HLBa,b inomiririra kukosha kweHLB kwemusanganiswa we emulsifier a ne emulsifier b; HLBa neHLBb zvinomiririra kukosha kweHLB kwe emulsifier a ne emulsifier b; A% neB% zvinomiririra huwandu hwe emulsifier a ne emulsifier b mu emulsifier yakasanganiswa (Fomu iyi inoshanda chete kune nonionic emulsifiers).
Nzira dzekugadzirira uye zvinhu zvinopesvedzera emulsifiers
Kune nzira ina dzekugadzirira ma emulsifiers, dzinoti nzira ye dry gum, nzira ye wet gum, nzira yekusanganisa mafuta nemvura uye nzira ye mechanical.
Nzira yemafuta anogadzirwa negum yakaoma inosanganisira kuwedzera mvura muchikamu chemafuta chine emulsifiers. Panguva yekugadzirira, gum powder (emulsifier) inotanga yasanganiswa zvakaenzana nemafuta, mvura yakati wandei inowedzerwa, uye musanganiswa wacho unokuyiwa woiswa mu emulsion yekutanga, wozowedzerwa mvura kuti iwedzere kusvika pahuwandu hwakazara. Nzira ye wet gum inoreva kuwedzera mafuta muchikamu chemvura chine emulsifiers. Mukugadzirira, gum (emulsifier) inotanga yanyungudutswa mumvura kuti gum mucilage ive chikamu chemvura; ipapo mafuta anowedzerwa muchikamu chemvura mumabatches uye anokuyiwa kuita emulsion yekutanga, mushure mezvo mvura inowedzerwa kusvika pahuwandu hwakazara. Nzira yemafuta-mvura yekusanganisa inoreva kusanganisa huwandu hwakati hwemafuta nemvura, kukuya acacia gum fine mumortar, kuwedzera musanganiswa wemafuta-mvura mairi kuti ukurwe nekukurumidza kuita emulsion yekutanga, wozosanganiswa nemvura.
Kugadzirwa kwe emulsifiers kunonyanya kuitirwa emulsifying mhando mbiri dzezvinwiwa, uye emulsification effect ine simba guru pamhando ye emulsification. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinokanganisa emulsification zvinosanganisira interfacial tension, viscosity uye tembiricha, nguva ye emulsification, uye dosage ye emulsifiers. Kazhinji, emulsifiers dzinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya interfacial tension dzinosarudzwa. Tembiricha yakanakisa ye emulsification ye emulsifiers inenge 70°C; kana ma nonionic surfactants achishandiswa se emulsifiers, tembiricha ye emulsification haifanirwe kudarika cloud point yavo. Kazhinji, kana emulsifiers yakawanda, emulsifiers dzakaumbwa dzichava dzakagadzikana.
Nguva yekutumira: Chikunguru-21-2026