Uburyo peteroli ikoreshwaibikoresho byo gukuramo umwukani uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere y'impinduka mu buryo bw'impinduka mu buryo bw'impinduka. Kongeramo imashini zikuraho imihindagurikire y'impinduka mu buryo bw'impinduka, bigatangaibikoresho by'ubwubatsi(reverse demulsifiers) zikora emulsifiers zitandukanye n’izikozwe na emulsifiers. Bene demulsifiers zigirana na emulsifiers ziterwa n’amazi zikora complexes, bityo zikabuza emulsifiers ubushobozi bwazo bwo gutera emulsifiers.
Uburyo bwo gucika kw'urumuri rw'urumuri rw'urumuri. Mu gihe cyo gushyushya cyangwa gukurura, ibikoresho byo gukuramo urumuri bigira amahirwe menshi yo guhura n'urumuri rw'urumuri rw'urumuri rw'urumuri, kwinjirira kuri urwo ruzitiro rw'urumuri, cyangwa kwimura igice cy'ibintu bikora ku buso. Ibi bigabanya urumuri rw'urumuri rw'urumuri, bigabanya cyane ubuziranenge bwarwo kandi bigatera gukuramo urumuri binyuze mu gukurura no guhuza urumuri.
Amavuta ya emulsion akomoka ku mavuta asanzwe akunze kugaragara mu gihe cyo gukora no gutunganya ibikomoka kuri peteroli. Amavuta menshi akomeye ku isi yose akurwa mu buryo bwa emulsion. Emulsion igizwe nibura n'amazi abiri adahinduka, rimwe muri yo rigashyirwa mu buryo buto cyane.—ibitonyanga bifite umurambararo wa mm 1—mu kindi kintu cy'amazi.
Kimwe muri ibi binyobwa akenshi kiba ari amazi, ikindi kikaba ari amavuta. Amavuta ashobora gukwirakwira nk'ibitonyanga bito mu mazi, bigatuma habaho emulsion y'amavuta mu mazi, aho amazi aba ari igice gikomeza naho amavuta akaba igice gitatanye. Ku rundi ruhande, iyo amavuta akora nk'igice gikomeza naho amazi akaba igice gitatanye, emulsion iba mu cyiciro cya amazi mu mavuta. Inyinshi mu mavuta atunganyijwe muri emulsion ari muri iki cyiciro.
Molekile z'amazi zikururana, kandi molekile z'amavuta zikora kimwe. Ariko, imbaraga zitera imbaraga hagati ya molekile z'amazi n'molekile z'amavuta, zikora ku gice cy'amazi hagati y'amavuta. Ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bugabanya ubuso bw'iki gice. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibitonyanga by'amazi mu miyoboro y'amazi-muri-amavuta (W/O) bigira ishusho y'uruziga. Byongeye kandi, ibitonyanga by'amazi bitandukanye bikunda gukora ibice bifite ubuso buto burenze igiteranyo cy'ubuso bw'ibitonyanga byose bitandukanye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiyoboro igizwe n'amazi meza gusa n'amavuta meza ntabwo ihindagurika mu buryo bwa thermodynamic; igice gitatanye gikunda guhindagurika, kigakora ibice bibiri bitandukanye. Imbaraga zitera imbaraga zitera imbaraga zishobora kurwanywa, kandi ubushyuhe bw'ubuso bugabanuka binyuze mu kwegeranya ibintu byihariye bya shimi ku gice cy'amazi hagati y'amavuta. Mu buryo bwa tekiniki, iyi ngaruka ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda hifashishijwe emulsifiers zizwi cyane kugira ngo zikore emulsifiers zihamye. Ikintu cyose gishobora gutera imbaraga zitera imbaraga muri ubu buryo kigomba kugira imiterere ya shimi ikorana n'amazi n'amavuta icyarimwe, ni ukuvuga irimo itsinda rimwe rikunda amazi n'itsinda rimwe rikunda amazi.
Emulsion y'amavuta y'ibimera irakomera bitewe n'ibintu karemano biri mu mavuta y'ibimera, akenshi biba bifite amatsinda y'imikorere y'ibimera nka carboxyl cyangwa phenolic. Ibi bintu bishobora kubaho mu buryo bw'ibisubizo cyangwa colloidal dispersions kandi bikagaragaza ubushake bwo kwivanga ku buso bwa nyuma. Muri ibyo bihe, uduce duto twinshi dukwirakwira mu gice cy'amavuta kandi tukirundanya ku gice cy'amazi n'amavuta, aho duhuza n'amatsinda yabyo y'ibimera yerekeza ku gice cy'amazi, amaherezo bikarema firime ihamye yo hagati. Iyi firime ifunze ibintu bikomeye bisa n'uduce duto cyangwa kristu za parafini, bibonwa n'amaso. Iyi mikorere igaragaza imiterere ishaje kandi igoye yo gukuramo emulsion y'amavuta y'ibimera.
[Umwandiko w'Igishinwa udafite akamaro wakuwemo]
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gukuramo amavuta ya emulsion y’ibikomoka ku mavuta yanduye bwibanze cyane ku gusobanura neza uburyo amazi ahuza ibitonyanga n’ingaruka za demulsion ku miterere y’imitsi yo mu maraso. Nyamara, imikoranire hagati ya demulsion na emulsion iragoye cyane. Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe muri uru rwego, nta bwumvikane busesuye bwagezweho ku buryo bwo gukuramo amavuta yanduye kugeza ubu.
Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukuramo umwuka mu mubiri bwemewe cyane bugaragazwa ku buryo bukurikira:
③Uburyo bwo gushonga: Umubare umwe cyangwa muto wa molekile za demulsifier ushobora kwishyira hamwe muri micelles. Utwo duce twa macromolecular coils cyangwa micelles dushonga molekile za emulsifier, bigatera demulsification ya emulsifier ya crude petrole.
④Uburyo bwo Guhindura Ishusho: Ibyagaragaye muri mikorosikopi byemeza ko emulsion za W/O zifite ibikonoshwa bibiri cyangwa byinshi by’amazi bitandukanye n’ibikonoshwa by’amavuta. Mu gihe cyo gushyushya, gukurura no gukuramo ibitonyanga, ibice by’imbere by’ibitonyanga birahura, bigatera guhuza ibitonyanga no gukuramo ibitonyanga.
Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwo mu gihugu bwanasuzumye uburyo bwo gukuramo amavuta mu mazi (O/W). Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko icyuma gikurura amavuta kigomba kuzuza ibisabwa bine by'ingenzi: imikorere ikomeye y'ubuso, ubushobozi bwo kumena amazi neza, ubushobozi buhagije bwo gukurura amazi, n'imikorere myiza yo guhuza amazi.
Imashini zikuraho uburozi zigizwe n'ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye. Zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe amabwiriza agenga ishyirwa mu byiciro rya surfactant, ziri mu bwoko bune: cationic, anionic, nonionic, na amphoteric demulsifiers.
Ibikoresho byo gukuramo anionic birimo karubokisilate, sulfonates, na polyoxyethylene fatty sulfate salts, bifite ingorane nko gukenera doze nyinshi, ubushobozi bwo gukuramo anionic buciriritse, ndetse no kwangirika k'imikorere bitewe na electrolytes.
Ibikoresho byo gukuramo cationic byiganjemo umunyu wa ammonium wa quaternary, bitanga umusaruro utangaje wo gukuramo amashanyarazi ku mavuta yoroheje ariko ntibikwiriye amavuta akomeye n'amavuta ashaje.
Ibikoresho byo gukuraho imyuka bitari ionicahanini igizwe na polyethers za block zitangizwa na amines, polyethers za block zitangizwa na alcohols, polyethers za block ya alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin, polyethers za resin za phenol-amine-formaldehyde resin, demulsifiers zirimo silikoni, demulsifiers zifite uburemere bwa molekile bwinshi, polyphosphates, polyethers za modified block, hamwe na amphoteric demulsifiers zigaragazwa na demulsifiers za peteroli zishingiye kuri imidazoline.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-09-2026