Indlela esebenza ngayo ioyile ekrwadaizinyibilikisiyindlela yokuguqulwa kwesigaba sokudluliselwa-ukuguqulwa kwesigaba. Ukongezwa kwee-demulsifiers kubangela utshintsho lwesigaba, okuvelisaizinto ezibangela ukudumba(ii-demulsifiers ezingasemva) ezenza ii-emulsions zohlobo oluchaseneyo nezo zenziwe zii-emulsifiers. Ezi demulsifiers zisabela kunye nee-emulsifiers ezihlala emanzini ukuze zenze ii-complexes, ngaloo ndlela zithintela ii-emulsifiers amandla azo okuzixuba.
Indlela yokuqhekeka kwefilimu edibanisa ubuso. Phantsi kweemeko zokufudumeza okanye zokuxukuxa, ii-demulsifiers zifumana amathuba amaninzi okungqubana nefilimu edibanisa ubuso yee-emulsions, zifunxe kwifilimu edibanisa ubuso, okanye zisuse inxalenye yezinto ezisebenza kumphezulu. Oku kuyayiqhekeza ifilimu edibanisa ubuso, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuzinza kwayo kwaye kukhokelela ekususweni kwe-mulsification nge-flocculation kunye ne-coalescence.
Ii-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada zihlala zivela ngexesha lokuveliswa nokucocwa kweemveliso zepetroleum. Uninzi lweeoyile ezikrwada eziphambili kwihlabathi liphela zikhutshwa ngendlela yee-emulsions. I-emulsion inezilwelo ezimbini ezingaxutywanga, enye yazo ixhonywe njenge-dispersions ezincinci kakhulu.—amathontsi anobubanzi obumalunga ne-1 mm—kwenye into engamanzi.
Enye yezi zinto zimanzi idla ngokuba ngamanzi, enye ibe yioyile. Ioyile inokusasazeka njengamathontsi amancinci emanzini, yenze i-emulsion yeoyile emanzini, apho amanzi asebenza njengesigaba esiqhubekayo kwaye ioyile njengesigaba esisasazekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, xa ioyile isebenza njengesigaba esiqhubekayo kwaye amanzi njengesigaba esisasazekileyo, i-emulsion ihlelwa njenge-water-in-oyile. Uninzi lwee-emulsion yeoyile eluhlaza ziwela kolu didi.
Iimolekyuli zamanzi ziyatsalana, kwaye iimolekyuli zeoyile ziziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho amandla agxothayo phakathi kweemolekyuli zamanzi kunye neemolekyuli zeoyile, ezisebenza kwindawo ephakathi kweoyile namanzi. Uxinzelelo lomphezulu lunciphisa indawo yolu nxibelelwano. Ngesi sizathu, amathontsi amanzi kwi-water-in-oil emulsions (W/O) athatha imo eyingqukuva. Ngaphezu koko, amathontsi amanzi ahlukeneyo adla ngokwenza ii-aggregates apho indawo yawo yonke yomphezulu incinci kunesimbuku seendawo eziphezulu zazo zonke iithontsi ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yoko, ii-emulsions ezenziwe ngamanzi acocekileyo kunye neoyile ecocekileyo azizinzanga ngokwe-thermodynamically; isigaba esisasazekileyo sidla ngokushukuma, senza iileya ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Amandla agxothayo aphakathi anokuchaswa, kwaye uxinzelelo lomphezulu luncitshiswe ngokuqokelela izinto ezikhethekileyo zeekhemikhali kwindawo ephakathi kweoyile namanzi. Ngobuchwephesha, esi siphumo sisetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso ngokongeza ii-emulsifiers ezaziwayo ukuvelisa ii-emulsions ezizinzileyo. Nasiphi na isithako esikwaziyo ukuzinzisa ii-emulsions ngale ndlela kufuneka sibe nesakhiwo seekhemikhali esisebenzisana neemolekyuli zamanzi kunye neoyile ngaxeshanye, oko kukuthi siqulethe iqela elinye elithanda amanzi kunye neqela elinye elithanda amanzi.
Ii-emulsion zeoyile ekrwada ziqiniswa zizinto zendalo ezikwi-oyile ekrwada, ezihlala zithwala amaqela asebenzayo e-polar afana namaqela e-carboxyl okanye e-phenolic. Ezi zinto zinokubakho ngendlela yezisombululo okanye i-colloidal dispersions kwaye zibonisa ukuthambekela okucacileyo kokunamathela kwiindawo zokugcina. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, uninzi lwee-microparticles ziyasasazeka ngaphakathi kwesigaba seoyile kwaye ziqokelelene kwindawo yokudibana kwamanzi eoyile, apho zihambelana khona namaqela azo e-polar ajolise kwisigaba samanzi, ekugqibeleni zenze ifilimu yokudibanisa ezinzileyo ngokwasemzimbeni. Le filimu igqunywe zizinto eziqinileyo ezifana neengqimba ze-particle okanye iikristale zeparafini, ezibonakala emehlweni. Le ndlela ichaza iimpawu zokwaluphala kunye nobunzima be-demulsification ye-emulsions yeoyile ekrwada.
[Umbhalo wesiTshayina ongcoliswe ngendlela engafanelekanga ususiwe]
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga neendlela zokususa i-mulsification ze-crude oil emulsions lugxile kakhulu ekuchazeni iinkcukacha zeenkqubo ze-droplet coalescence kunye nempembelelo ye-demulsifiers kwiimpawu ze-rheological ze-interfacial. Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-demulsifiers kunye ne-emulsions kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Nangona uphando olubanzi olwenziwe kweli candelo, akukho mvumelwano idibeneyo malunga neendlela zokususa i-mulsification eziye zafikelelwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokususa i-mulsification ezaziwayo ngokubanzi zichazwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
③Indlela yokunyibilikisa: Inani elinye okanye elincinci leemolekyuli ze-demulsifier linokudibana zibe zii-micelles. Ezi coils ze-macromolecular okanye ii-micelles ziyanyibilikisa iimolekyuli ze-emulsifier, zibangele ukunyibilikisa kwee-emulsions ze-oyile eluhlaza.
④Indlela Yokujika Okugobileyo: Ukuqwalaselwa kweMicroscopic kuqinisekisa ukuba ii-emulsions ze-W/O zinegobolondo zamanzi ezixineneyo ezimbini okanye ezininzi ezahlulwe zii-oyile ezidibeneyo. Phantsi konyango oludibeneyo lokufudumeza, ukuxukuxa kunye nokudiliza, iileya zangaphakathi zamaconsi ziyadibana, zibangela ukuxinana kwamaconsi kunye nokudiliza.
Ukongeza, uphando lwasekhaya lukwaphande iindlela zokususa i-mulsification kwiinkqubo ze-oyile engcolileyo emanzini (O/W). Izifundo zibonisa ukuba i-demulsifier efanelekileyo kufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno ezine ezibalulekileyo: umsebenzi oqinileyo womphezulu, ukufuma okugqwesileyo, amandla okwanela okushukuma, kunye nokusebenza okubalaseleyo kokuhlanganisana.
Ii-demulsifiers ziquka uluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo ngeentlobo. Zihlelwe ngokwemigangatho yokwahlulahlula i-surfactant, zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezine: i-cationic, i-anionic, i-nonionic, kunye ne-amphoteric demulsifiers.
Ii-demulsifier ze-anionic ziquka ii-carboxylates, ii-sulfonates, kunye neetyuwa ze-polyoxyethylene fatty sulfate, ezinengxaki ezifana neemfuno eziphezulu zedosi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-demulsification, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kokonakala kokusebenza okubangelwa zii-electrolytes.
Ii-cationic demulsifiers ikakhulu zii-quaternary ammonium salts, ezibonelela ngokusebenza okumangalisayo kwe-demulsification kwi-oyile ekhaphukhaphu ekhaphukhaphu kodwa azifanelekanga kwi-oyile enzima kunye ne-oyile ekhaphukhaphu endala.
Ii-demulsifiers ezingezizo ii-ionicikakhulu ziquka ii-block polyethers eziqalwe zii-amines, ii-block polyethers eziqalwe zii-alcohols, ii-alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin block polyethers, ii-phenol-amine-formaldehyde resin block polyethers, ii-demulsifiers eziqulathe i-silicon, ii-ultra-high molecular weight demulsifiers, ii-polyphosphates, ii-modified block polyethers, kunye nee-amphoteric demulsifiers ezimelwe zii-crude oil demulsifiers ezisekelwe kwi-imidazoline.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Julayi-09-2026