Ama-surfactant e-Cationiczithwala amacala ahlukile kunalawo e-anionic surfactants, ngakho-ke zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi “insipho eguquliwe”. Ngokwekhemikhali, ziqukethe okungenani eyodwa ende‑iqembu le-chain hydrophobic kanye nelinye elihle‑iqembu elithanda amanzi ashisayo.‑Amaqembu e-chain hydrophobic ngokuvamile atholakala kuma-fatty acid noma kuma-petrochemicals; ngakho-ke, ama-fatty amine asebenza njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile zama-cationic surfactants. Ama-cationic surfactants abonisa ukungabi namagciwane okulinganiselwe, kodwa anezakhiwo ezivelele zokulwa namagciwane kanye nokusondelana okuphezulu kokumuncwa ezindaweni eziqinile. Ezimonyweni, avame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokulungisa izinwele, ama-bactericides, ama-bacteriostatic agents, ama-softeners kanye nama-anti-depressants.‑izithasiselo ze-caries.
Ama-amine anamafutha ayizisekelo eziphilayo empeleni. Awakhokhiswa ezixazululweni ezingathathi hlangothi futhi awabonisi umsebenzi womphezulu we-cationic ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, futhi aba yi-lipophilic ngamanani e-pH angaphezu kuka-7. Usawoti we-amine wesithathu otholakala ngokungathathi hlangothi ngama-asidi angaphili noma angaphili unomswakama owanele futhi uqashelwa ngokugcwele njengama-surfactants asebenzayo e-cationic. Usawoti we-organic ngokuvamile ungamanzi amaningi.‑Azincibiliki kunosawoti ongaphili. Azivami ukufakwa emshinini wokuwasha kanye nemithi yokuhlanza.
Cha‑Izinhlobo ze-cationic ze-quaternary zizwela kakhulu ku-pH, ama-ion amaningi kanye nama-electrolyte.
I-ethoxylation yama-amine anamafutha iveza ama-amine aqukethe i-ethoxylated. Ngemva kokulungiswa kwe-pH, ama-surfactants anjalo ayahambisana nama-surfactants e-cationic futhi aletha ukuhlanza okwanelisayo.
Ukunciphisa ama-amine anamafutha nge-salicylic acid nomaα‑i-chlorobenzoic acid ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo kwe-antifungal.
Ama-compound e-quaternary ammonium atholakala kuma-amine anamafutha amelela uhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwama-surfactants e-cationic.
Usawoti we-ammonium we-quaternary ubonisa ukuzinza okuhle ezindaweni ezine-acidic noma ze-alkaline (ngaphansi kuka-100)°C). Ukuncibilika kwazo kuhlobene ne-alkyl‑ubude bochungechunge: amaketanga amade e-alkili ahambisana nokuncibilika kwamanzi okuphansi. Usawoti we-monoalkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium one-C16‑Amaketanga e-C18 ancibilika kancane emanzini, ancibilika ezinyibilikisini ze-polar, futhi awancibiliki ezingxubeni ezingezona eze-polar‑izinyibilikisi ezimaphakathi. Usawoti we-Dialkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium uyancibilika ku-non‑izinyibilikisi ezimaphakathi kodwa azincibiliki emanzini.
Imisebenzi ehlukile kasawoti we-quaternary ammonium ivela ekumuncweni kwawo kube okungekuhle‑Izindawo ezishajelwe kanye nemiphumela yazo yokubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane. Kufanele kugcizelelwe ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa nama-surfactants e-anionic, ama-oxide, ama-peroxide, ama-silicates, i-silver nitrate, i-sodium citrate, i-sodium tartrate, i-borax, i-kaolin, amaprotheni kanye nama-polymer athile kungabangela kalula ukwehla komsebenzi wokubulala amagciwane noma ukusha.
Ukuncibilika kosawoti we-alkyl quaternary ammonium kuncike emaqenjini awo athanda amanzi; amaqembu amaningi athanda amanzi aletha ukuncibilika okungcono kwamanzi. Amalungiselelo ajwayelekile afaka phakathi: izixazululo ze-isopropanol ze-wt% noma i-10 izixazululo zamanzi ezinobuningi% obunobubanzi be-pH obungu-6‑9. Zinokuqina kwamakhemikhali okuhle kakhulu, zimelana nokukhanya, ukushisa, ama-asidi aqinile kanye nama-alkali aqinile, futhi zibonisa ukungena, izakhiwo zokulwa nokuma, umsebenzi wokubulala amagciwane (ongcono kakhulu ku-C12‑ama-homologues e-C16) kanye nokugqwala okuvelele‑ukuvimbela ukusebenza. Usawoti we-alkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium uqukethe ama-alkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium amabili amade‑Ama-chain alkyl hydrophobic moieties. Anezakhiwo ezinhle zokuthambisa kanye nezokulwa ne-static kanye namandla aphakathi okubulala amagciwane, kanye nokuziphatha okuhle kokumanzisa kanye nokuxubha. Azicasuli kakhulu kune-alkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium salts. Abonisa isimo se-cationic ngaphansi kwezimo ezibuthakathaka ze-acidic futhi akhiwa angenawo‑izinhlobo ze-ionic ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi kanye ne-alkaline.
Usawoti we-Alkyl Imidazoline
Ama-alkyl imidazoline akhiwa ngokuphendula ama-fatty acids nge-ethylenediamines efakwe esikhundleni sawo. Lapho kufudunyezwa (ngokuvamile 220‑240°C), i-amidoethylamine ephumayo iguqulwa ibe yi-alkyl imidazoline.
I-Alkyl imidazoline iyi-organic monocyclic tertiary amine futhi isebenza njengesisekelo esiqinile ngokulinganayo. Njenge-cationic surfactant evamile, inamathela ngokuqinile ekubi.‑izindawo ezishajelwe njengezinwele, isikhumba, amazinyo, ingilazi, iphepha, imicu, izinsimbi kanye ne-silicon‑Usawoti owenziwe ngamanzi‑Ama-asidi ancibilikayo avame ukwakha amajeli ngamanani aphezulu. Usawoti we-acetic acid, i-nicotinic acid, i-phosphoric acid kanye ne-sulfuric acid ngamanzi‑ziyancibilika, kanti isikhathi sazo eside‑amafutha eketanga‑usawoti we-asidi uwoyela‑Ziyancibilika. Zibonisa ukuqina okuhle kokugcina ngaphansi komswakama‑izimo zobufakazi, kodwa imvula yekristalu ingase ivele ngemva kwesikhathi eside‑isitoreji sesikhathi eside noma emazingeni okushisa aphansi; ukufana kungabuyiselwa ngokufudumeza nokuxubha. Ukuchayeka emanzini noma emswakama kubangela i-hydrolysis kancane kancane eshintsha ukusebenza kwazo. Ukushisa isikhathi eside kuze kufike ku-165°I-C ayiphazamisi ukuzinza, yize kungase kube nokushintsha kombala. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-alkyl imidazoline, njengesisekelo esiqinile, ibangela ukucasuka okukhulu esikhumbeni nasemahlweni, kuyilapho usawoti we-alkyl imidazoline unobucasuka obuphansi kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-25-2026