Ii-surfactants zeCationicZithwala iintlawulo ezichaseneyo nezo ze-anionic surfactants, ngoko ke zihlala zibizwa ngokuba “ziisepha eziguquliweyo”. Ngokwekhemikhali, ziqulathe ubuncinane isepha enye ende.‑iqela le-chain hydrophobic kunye nelinye elihle‑Iqela elithanda amanzi amdaka.‑Amaqela e-chain hydrophobic adla ngokuvela kwi-fatty acids okanye kwi-petrochemicals; yiyo loo nto, ii-fatty amines zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekileyo kwi-cationic surfactants. Ii-cationic surfactants zinomlinganiselo omncinci wokucoca, kodwa zineempawu ezibonakalayo ze-antibacterial kunye ne-affinity ephezulu yokufunxa kwiindawo eziqinileyo. Kwizinto zokuthambisa, zihlala zisetyenziswa njenge-hair conditioners, i-bactericides, ii-bacteriostatic agents, i-softeners kunye ne-anti-depressants.‑izongezo ze-caries.
Ii-amines ezinamafutha ziziseko zendalo. Azitshajwa kwizisombululo ezingathathi cala kwaye azibonisi msebenzi womphezulu we-cationic phantsi kweemeko ezinjalo, kwaye ziba yi-lipophilic kwixabiso le-pH elingaphezulu kwe-7. Iityuwa ze-amine eziphezulu ezifunyenwe ngokunganyamezeli ngee-inorganic okanye ii-organic acids zinokunyibilika okwaneleyo kwaye ziqatshelwa ngokupheleleyo njengee-surfactants ezisebenzayo ze-cationic. Iityuwa zendalo ngokubanzi zimanzi amaninzi.‑Azinyibiliki kuneetyuwa ezingaphiliyo. Azifane zifakwe kwisepha kunye neefomyula ezicocekileyo.
Hayi‑Iintlobo ze-cationic ze-quaternary zinovelwano kakhulu kwi-pH, ii-ion ezininzi kunye nee-electrolytes.
I-ethoxylation ye-fatty amines ivelisa i-ethoxylated amines. Emva kokulungiswa kwe-pH, ezo surfactants ziyahambelana ne-cationic surfactants kwaye zibonelela nge-detergent eyanelisayo.
Ukungathinteli ii-amines ezinamafutha nge-salicylic acid okanyeα‑i-chlorobenzoic acid inokuphucula ukusebenza kwayo kokubola.
Iikhompawundi ze-quaternary ammonium ezivela kwi-fatty amines zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-cationic surfactants.
Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-quaternary zibonisa uzinzo oluhle kwi-acidic okanye kwi-alkaline media (ngaphantsi kwe-100°C). Ukunyibilika kwazo kunxulunyaniswa ne-alkyl‑ubude betyathanga: imixokelelwane emide ye-alkili ihambelana nokunyibilika kwamanzi okuphantsi. Iityuwa ze-ammonium ze-Monoalkyltrimethyl quaternary ezine-C16‑Iintambo ze-C18 azinyibiliki emanzini, zinyibilika kwi-polar solvents, kwaye azinyibiliki kwi-non‑izinyibilikisi ze-polar. Iityuwa ze-Dialkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium ziyanyibilika kwi-non‑izinyibilikisi ezikwi-polar kodwa azinyibiliki emanzini.
Imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yeetyuwa ze-quaternary ammonium isuka ekufakweni kwazo kwi-negative‑imiphezulu etshajiweyo kunye nemiphumo yayo yokubulala iintsholongwane kunye nokubulala iintsholongwane. Kufuneka kugxininiswe ukuba ukudibana ne-anionic surfactants, ii-oxides, ii-peroxides, ii-silicates, i-silver nitrate, i-sodium citrate, i-sodium tartrate, i-borax, i-kaolin, iiproteni kunye nezinye iipolymers kulula kakhulu ukubangela ukuncipha komsebenzi we-bacterial okanye i-turbidity.
Ukunyibilika kweetyuwa ze-alkyl quaternary ammonium kuxhomekeke kumaqela azo athanda amanzi; amaqela amaninzi athanda amanzi azisa ukunyibilika okungcono kwamanzi. Amalungiselelo aqhelekileyo aquka: 5 izisombululo ze-isopropanol ze-wt% okanye i-10 izisombululo zamanzi ze-wt% ezinoluhlu lwe-pH oluyi-6‑9. Zinozinzo oluhle kakhulu lweekhemikhali, ziyamelana nokukhanya, ubushushu, ii-asidi ezinamandla kunye ne-alkalis ezinamandla, kwaye zibonisa ukungena, iipropati zokulwa ne-static, umsebenzi wokubulala iintsholongwane (olungileyo kwi-C12‑ii-homologues ze-C16) kunye nokugqwala okubalaseleyo‑ukusebenza okuthintelayo. Iityuwa ze-alkyldimethyl quaternary ammonium ziqulathe ezimbini ezinde‑Ii-chain alkyl hydrophobic moieties. Zineempawu zokuthambisa ezilungileyo kunye ne-antistatic kunye namandla aphakathi okulwa neebhaktheriya, kunye neendlela ezilungileyo zokumanzisa kunye ne-emulsifying. Azicaphukisi kangako kune-alkyltrimethyl quaternary ammonium salts. Zibonisa uphawu lwe-cationic phantsi kweemeko ze-acidic encinci kwaye azibonakali‑iintlobo ze-ionic phantsi kweemeko ezingathathi hlangothi kunye ne-alkaline.
Iityuwa ze-Alkyl Imidazoline
Ii-alkyl imidazolines zenziwa ngokuphendula ii-fatty acids kunye ne-ethylenediamines ezithatyathwe endaweni yazo. Xa zifudunyezwa (ngesiqhelo ii-220‑240°C), i-amidoethylamine ephumayo iguqulwa ibe yi-alkyl imidazoline.
I-Alkyl imidazoline yi-organic monocyclic tertiary amine kwaye isebenza njengesiseko esomeleleyo. Njenge-cationic surfactant eqhelekileyo, inamathela ngokuqinileyo kwi-negative.‑iindawo ezitshajiweyo ezifana neenwele, ulusu, amazinyo, iglasi, iphepha, imicu, iintsimbi kunye nesilicon‑equlethe izinto. Iityuwa ezenziwe ngamanzi‑ii-asidi ezinyibilikayo zithanda ukwenza iijeli xa zinomlinganiselo ophezulu. Iityuwa ze-acetic acid, i-nicotinic acid, i-phosphoric acid kunye ne-sulfuric acid ngamanzi‑ziyanyibilika, ngelixa ixesha lazo elide‑amafutha etsheyini‑iityuwa ze-asidi yioyile‑ziyanyibilika. Zibonisa ukuqina okuhle kokugcinwa phantsi komswakama‑iimeko zobungqina, kodwa imvula yekristale inokwenzeka emva kwexesha elide‑ukugcinwa kwexesha elide okanye kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi; ukufana kunokubuyiselwa ngokufudumeza nokuxukuxa. Ukuvezwa emanzini okanye kumswakama kubangela i-hydrolysis kancinci kancinci etshintsha ukusebenza kwazo. Ukufudumeza ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-165°I-C ayiphazamisi uzinzo, nangona umbala unokuba mdaka. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba i-alkyl imidazoline, njengesiseko esomeleleyo, ibangela ukurhawuzelelwa okukhulu kulusu namehlo, ngelixa i-alkyl imidazoline salts inezinto ezirhawuzelelayo ezincinci kakhulu.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-25-2026