Ngā Whakaritenga Pai
WhānuiHoroi Ahumahi, Te Horoi Ahumahi Tika me te Horoi Ahumahi Tino Tika
Ko te horoi ahumahi whānui ko te horoi i ngā mata o ngā waka, kaipuke me ngā waka rererangi, e taea ai anake te tango i te paru matotoru.
Ko te horoi ahumahi tino tika e kapi ana i te horoi i te wā e tukatukahia ana ngā hua me te horoi i ngā mata o ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu rerekē, e tohuhia ana e tōna kaha ki te tango i ngā matūriki paru ririki.
Ko te horoi ahumahi tino tika e pā ana ki te horoinga tino tika o ngā wāhanga mīhini, ngā wāhanga hiko, ngā wāhanga whatu me ētahi atu taonga i roto i ngā tukanga hangahanga tino tika, me te whāinga ki te tango i ngā matūriki paru tino iti.
Ngā Tikanga Horoi
Te Horoi Tinana me teTe Horoi Matū
Ka whakamahia e te horoi ā-tinana ngā mātāpono o te miihini, te oro, te whatu, te hiko me te thermodynamics. Mā te whakawhirinaki ki te pūngao o waho pērā i te waku miihini, ngā ngaru ultrasonic, te pēhanga kino, te pēhanga teitei, te pānga, ngā hihi ultraviolet me te mamaoa, ka tangohia te paru i runga i ngā mata o ngā mea me te kore e whakarerekē i te hanganga matū o ngā poke, ko te tikanga ka noho tonu te hanganga matū taketake.
①Ngā tikanga horoi ā-ringa: te horoi i te kaitahi me te waru, te horoi keri ngongo, te horoi pupuhi.
②Te horoi waipēhi: te horoi waipēhi pēhanga iti me te pēhanga mai i te 196 ki te 686 kiropascal, tata ki te 2 ki te 7 kirokaramu-kaha mō ia henimita tapawha, he ōrite ki te 0.2 ki te 0.7 MPa.
③Te horoi waipēhi-teitei: ka eke te pēhanga mō te horoi pēhanga-teitei ki te 4900 kilopascals, tata ki te 50 kirokaramu-kaha mō ia henimita tapawha, he rite ki te 5 MPa. E mōhiotia ana hoki tēnei tikanga ko te horoi wai-pēhanga-teitei, ā, ka whakatinanahia mā roto i ngā mīhini horoi pēhanga-teitei.
Ka tangohia e te horoi matū te paru o te mata o ngā mea mā roto i ngā tauhohenga matū mā te whakamahi i ngā matū, i ētahi atu whakarewa rānei. Hei tauira, ko te whakakore i te waikura me te ine raima me ngā waikawa kore-waro, waro rānei, me te tango i ngā paru o te mata me ngā waikura. Ka tauhohe ngā matū ki ngā poke o te mata, ka hipoki rānei i ngā paparanga (pēnei i ngā putunga unahi) hei tango atu, tae atu ki te horoi waikawa me te horoi kawakore hei tango i te unahi. Hei ārai i te waikura o te papa i te wā e horoi ana i te matū, hei whakahaere rānei i te tere waikura i roto i ngā rohe e whakaaetia ana, ka tāpirihia he nui e tika ana o ngā aukati waikura me ngā tāpiringa me ngā āhuatanga whakahohe, uru me te mākū ki ngā otinga horoi matū.
Ngā tikanga horoi；te tikanga rumaki, te tikanga tohanga, te tikanga horoi tuihono (e kiia ana hoki ko te tikanga horoi matū tonu).
Te mātāpono hiko ārai-tauine me te tango-tauine: ka hurihia e ngā papa hiko auau-teitei ngā ngota wai kia tutuki ai ngā pānga ārai-tauine me te tango-tauine. Ina haere te wai i roto i te papa hiko auau-teitei, ka huri tōna hanganga ngota tinana. Ka pakaru ngā macromolecules mekameka taketake e hono ana ki ngā ngota wai takitahi. Ka karapotia ngā katote pai me ngā katote kino o ngā tote kua rewa i roto i te wai e ngā ngota wai takitahi, ka whakaiti i tō rātou tere nekehanga, ka whakaiti i te auau o ngā tukinga whai hua, ā, ka ngoikore te kukume hiko. Kāore e taea e ngā katote te kohikohi ki runga i ngā pakitara wera, i ngā mata paipa rānei, ā, ka ārai i te hanganga tauine. I taua wā, ko te pikinga o te kaha dipole o ngā ngota wai ka whakapakari i tō rātou kaha here me ngā katote tote pai me ngā katote kino (ngota tauine raima), ka whakangawari i te tauine raima ki runga i ngā mata wera me ngā pakitara paipa kia ngāwari ai te wehe me te tango tauine.
Ka tutuki i te whakakore-tauine me te tango-tauine pūmau ngā whāinga ōrite ki te tango-tauine hiko mā te whakarerekē i te āhua o ngā ngota wai, ahakoa e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā mara hiko pūmau kaua ki ngā pānga hiko. Kei roto i te polarity (āhuatanga dipole) o ngā ngota wai te tikanga. Ina haere ngā dipole wai i roto i tētahi mara hiko pūmau, ka whakarite tonu, ka raupapa hoki mā ngā utu pai me ngā utu kino. Ka takaihia ngā katote tote rewa i roto i te wai e ngā dipole wai, ā, ka whakaritea i roto i ngā tautau dipole, ka aukati i tō rātou nekehanga noa, ka ārai hoki i a rātou kei tata atu, kei whakatakotoranga rānei ki ngā pakitara paipa/taputapu hei hanga i te tauine raima. Hei tāpiri, ka hangaia e te hāora e tukuna ana i roto i te wai he kiriata waikura tino angiangi ki runga i ngā pakitara paipa hei whakaiti i te waikura o te pakitara.
Pāpāho Horoi
Te Horoi Mākū me te Horoi Maroke
Ko te horoinga e mahia ana i roto i te wai e kiia ana ko te horoinga mākū, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā tikanga horoi tuku iho ka taka ki tēnei wāhanga.
Ko te horoinga e mahia ana i roto i ngā mea hau ka whakarōpūtia hei horoi maroke, tae atu ki te horoi taiaho, te horoi hihi ultraviolet, te horoi plasma me te horoi pupuhi huka maroke.
Ngā Ārai Waikura
He matū te aukati waikura e tāpirihia ana i roto i ngā rahinga iti ki ngā mea waikura e tino whakaroa ana i te waikura o te konganuku. E mōhiotia ana tēnei tikanga tiaki konganuku ko te tiaki aukati waikura.
Te Whakarōpūtanga o ngā Ārai Waikura
Mā te tikanga mahi: ngā aukati anodic, ngā aukati cathodic, ngā aukati momo-whakauru
Mā ngā āhuatanga o te kiriata tiaki: ngā aukati hanga kiriata whakahāora, ngā aukati momo mimiti, ngā aukati hanga kiriata ua
Ētahi atu paearu whakarōpūtanga:
①Ngā aukati waikura rauropi me ngā aukati waikura kore-rauropi
②Ngā aukati waikura āhua-wai, āhua-hau me āhua-totoka
③Ngā aukati waikura mō te maitai, te parahi me te konumohe
④Ngā aukati waikura waikawa, kawakore me te koretake
Te Horoi i ngā Taonga
Te Horoi i mua i te tīmatanga, te Horoi tonu me te Horoi Tiaki Whakamutu
Te Horoi i mua i te Whakatūnga
Me horoi ngā taputapu matū hou me te whakakorenga matū i mua i te tīmatanga. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā mahi he nui ngā painga o te horoinga matū me te whakakorenga matū i mua i te tīmatanga ki te haumaru whakaputa me te whai huatanga ōhanga, ā, ka puta he hua ōhanga nui.
Ngā Kaupapa o te Horoi me te Whakakore i mua i te Whakatūnga
Ka puta te unahi mira i runga i ngā rauemi whakarewa mata pērā i ngā paipa rino, ngā pereti rino me te maitai kore waikura i te wā e hurihuri ana. Ka waikura, ka para whakarewa, ka ārai i te waikura hinuhinu e whakamahia ana ki te rino hei tiaki i te waikura, ka kohia te puehu, te onepu, te sima, ngā rauemi whakamahana wera me ētahi atu paru ki runga i ngā taputapu i te wā e hanga ana, e kawe ana, e penapena ana me te tāutanga. I te whānui haere o te kaha o ngā taputapu, ka roa ake te wā mai i te hanga o ngā paipa me ngā pereti rino, tae atu ki te hanga taputapu, te whakahaere me te tāutanga tae noa ki te whakatūnga whakamutunga. Ko te nui ake o ngā hononga whakarewa me ngā mata wera nui ake ka piki ake te nui o ngā poke tae atu ki te unahi mira, te waikura, te para whakarewa, ngā ārai waikura me te paru.
I muri i te horoinga, ka puta he kiriata matū matotoru hei ārai i te paru ki runga i ngā mata whakarewa ma. Ka ārai pai tēnei kiriata i te paru kia hoki anō mai, ā, ka whakarato i te tiaki pono mō ngā taputapu mai i te waikura me ētahi atu kino matū.
Te horoi tonu
Kāore e taea e ētahi taputapu matū te whakamutu i te mahi mō te tiaki me te horoi i te wā e whakaputa ana, ā, nā tēnei i akiaki te whanaketanga o te hangarau horoi tonu. Mā ngā otinga horoi tonu o te whare ka taea te horoi me te whakakore i ngā matū i te wā e mahi tonu ana ngā taputapu, ka tiakina te mahi pumau o ngā taputapu me te whai huatanga o te ratonga.
Te Horoi Tiaki Whakamutu
Ko te horoi tiaki whakaweto e pā ana ki ngā mahi horoi e mahia ana i ngā taputapu katoa i te wā whakahou ā-tau kua whakaritea mō ngā umanga matū. I te nuinga o te wā, ka horoia ngā wāhanga takitahi ki te matū hurihuri, ki te horoi rānei i te wai pēhanga teitei i te wā tiaki whakaweto.
Wā tuku: Hōngongoi-07-2026