Kunyowetsa kumachitika pamene chinthu cholimba chikakhudzana ndi madzi. Malo oyambira olumikizirana pakati pa mpweya wolimba ndi madzi ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi amatha, ndipo malo atsopano olumikizirana pakati pa madzi olimba ndi madzi amapangidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ulusi wa nsalu ndi zinthu zokhala ndi mabowo okhala ndi malo akuluakulu apadera. Pamene yankho likufalikira pamodzi ndi ulusi, limalowa m'mipata pakati pa ulusi ndikuchotsa mpweya, ndikusandutsa malo oyambira olumikizirana pakati pa ulusi ndi madzi kukhala malo olumikizirana pakati pa ulusi ndi madzi.—Iyi ndi njira yonyowetsa yomwe imachitika kawirikawiri. Pakadali pano, yankho limalowa mkati mwa ulusi, njira yomwe imadziwika kuti kulowerera. Ma surfactants omwe amathandiza kunyowetsa ndi kulowa amatchedwa ma wetting agents ndi ma inferiorate agents motsatana.
Mafuta amakhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu pamwamba pa madzi. Mafuta akawonjezedwa m'madzi ndipo chisakanizocho chikasunthidwa mwamphamvu, mafutawo amasweka n’kupanga madontho ang’onoang’ono kuti apange emulsion, koma chisakanizocho chimagawikananso m’zigawo pamene kusakanizako kutha. Ngati chinthu chopangira madzi chiwonjezeredwa ndipo chisakanizocho chikasunthidwa, zigawozo sizingagawanike mosavuta kwa nthawi yayitali kusakanizako kutatha, komwe ndi emulsification. Gawo la hydrophobic la mamolekyu a mafuta limazunguliridwa ndi magulu a hydrophilic a ma surfactants, zomwe zimapangitsa mphamvu zokopa zomwe zimatsogolera. Izi zimachepetsa mphamvu yofunikira kuti mafuta afalikire m’madzi ndipo zimapangitsa kuti mafuta afalikire bwino.
Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya emulsifying ya ma surfactants, tinthu ta mafuta ndi dothi tomwe timachotsedwa pamalo olimba tikhoza kusungunuka bwino ndikufalikira m'madzi, zomwe zimalepheretsa kuti zisasungidwenso pamalo oyeretsedwa ndikuyambitsa kuipitsa.
Kufalikira kumatanthauza njira yomwe zinthu zolimba zosasungunuka zimagawidwa mu yankho ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuti zipange suspension. Zinthu zosungunula zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zolimba zifalikire bwino ndikusunga suspension yokhazikika zimatchedwa dispersants. M'machitidwe, zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa emulsification ndi dispersion pamene mafuta olimba pang'ono amasungunuka ndikufalikira mu yankho. Popeza emulsifiers ndi dispersants nthawi zambiri zimakhala mtundu womwewo wa chinthu, zonse pamodzi zimatchedwa emulsifier-dispersants mu ntchito zothandiza.
Kusungunuka kumatanthauza kuti ma surfactants amatha kuwonjezera kusungunuka kwa zinthu zomwe zimasungunuka pang'ono kapena zosasungunuka m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, kusungunuka kwa benzene m'madzi ndi 0.09% ndi voliyumu. Pambuyo powonjezera ma surfactants monga sodium oleate, kusungunuka kwa benzene kumatha kukwera kufika pa 10%.
Kusungunuka kwa madzi kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma micelles opangidwa ndi ma surfactants m'madzi. Micelle ndi gulu lopangidwa pamene maunyolo a hydrocarbon a mamolekyu a surfactant amayandikirana wina ndi mnzake mu yankho lamadzi chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa hydrophobic. Mkati mwa micelle kwenikweni ndi ma hydrocarbons amadzimadzi, kotero ma solutes osapangidwa ndi polar omwe sangasungunuke m'madzi, monga benzene ndi mafuta amchere, amatha kusungunuka mosavuta mkati mwa ma micelles. Kusungunuka ndi kusungunuka kwa zinthu za lipophilic ndi ma micelles, chinthu chapadera cha ma surfactants. Kumagwira ntchito kokha pamene kuchuluka kwa surfactant mu yankho kumaposa kuchuluka kwa micelle (CMC), makamaka pamene pali ma micelles ambiri akuluakulu. Kuphatikiza apo, ma micelles akuluakulu amapereka mphamvu yayikulu yosungunuka.
Kusungunuka kumasiyana ndi kusungunuka. Kusungunuka kumapanga dongosolo losakhazikika komanso losakhazikika la magawo ambiri pomwe gawo limodzi lamadzimadzi limafalikira m'madzi kapena gawo lina lamadzimadzi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kusungunuka kumabweretsa dongosolo lokhazikika komanso lofanana la gawo limodzi pomwe yankho losungunuka ndi chinthu chosungunuka zimakhalapo mu gawo lomwelo. Mtundu umodzi wa surfactant ukhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu zosungunulira komanso zosungunulira, koma kusungunuka kumachitika pokhapokha ngati kuchuluka kwake kuli pamwamba pa kuchuluka kwa micelle kofunikira.
Pamene mamolekyu a surfactant agwirizana molunjika pamwamba pa nsalu, amachepetsa coefficient ya static friction ya nsalu. Ma nonionic surfactants monga linear alkyl polyoxyethylene polyols ndi linear alkyl fatty acid polyoxyethylene ethers, komanso ma cationic surfactants osiyanasiyana, amatha kuchepetsa static friction coefficient ya nsalu motero amagwira ntchito ngati zofewetsa nsalu. Komabe, ma surfactants okhala ndi nthambi za alkyl kapena magulu a aromatic amalephera kupanga dongosolo lolunjika bwino pamwamba pa nsalu ndipo motero sali oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zofewetsa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-10-2026